More work on O'Reilly book
* Make width narrower * Convert deps to table * Strip chapter status
This commit is contained in:
Hadley Wickham
@@ -1,29 +1,5 @@
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<section data-type="chapter" id="chp-rectangling">
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<h1><span id="sec-rectangling" class="quarto-section-identifier d-none d-lg-block"><span class="chapter-title">Data rectangling</span></span></h1><div data-type="note"><div class="callout-body d-flex">
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<div class="callout-icon-container">
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<i class="callout-icon"/>
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</div>
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</div><h1>
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Base R
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</h1><p>You are reading the work-in-progress second edition of R for Data Science. This chapter should be readable but is currently undergoing final polishing. You can find the complete first edition at <a href="https://r4ds.had.co.nz" class="uri">https://r4ds.had.co.nz</a>.</p>
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<p>It’s possible to put a list in a column of a <code>data.frame</code>, but it’s a lot fiddlier because <code><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/data.frame.html">data.frame()</a></code> treats a list as a list of columns:</p><div class="cell">
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<pre data-type="programlisting" data-code-language="downlit">data.frame(x = list(1:3, 3:5))
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#> x.1.3 x.3.5
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#> 1 1 3
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#> 2 2 4
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#> 3 3 5</pre>
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</div><p>You can force <code><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/data.frame.html">data.frame()</a></code> to treat a list as a list of rows by wrapping it in list <code><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/AsIs.html">I()</a></code>, but the result doesn’t print particularly well:</p><div class="cell">
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<pre data-type="programlisting" data-code-language="downlit">data.frame(
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x = I(list(1:2, 3:5)),
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y = c("1, 2", "3, 4, 5")
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)
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#> x y
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#> 1 1, 2 1, 2
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#> 2 3, 4, 5 3, 4, 5</pre>
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</div><p>It’s easier to use list-columns with tibbles because <code><a href="https://tibble.tidyverse.org/reference/tibble.html">tibble()</a></code> treats lists like either vectors and the print method has been designed with lists in mind.</p></div>
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<h1><span id="sec-rectangling" class="quarto-section-identifier d-none d-lg-block"><span class="chapter-title">Data rectangling</span></span></h1><p>::: status callout-note You are reading the work-in-progress second edition of R for Data Science. This chapter should be readable but is currently undergoing final polishing. You can find the complete first edition at <a href="https://r4ds.had.co.nz" class="uri">https://r4ds.had.co.nz</a>. :::</p>
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<section id="introduction" data-type="sect1">
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<h1>
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Introduction</h1>
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@@ -198,9 +174,7 @@ df
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<p>Similarly, if you <code><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/utils/View.html">View()</a></code> a data frame in RStudio, you’ll get the standard tabular view, which doesn’t allow you to selectively expand list columns. To explore those fields you’ll need to <code><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/pull.html">pull()</a></code> and view, e.g. <code>df |> pull(z) |> View()</code>.</p>
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<div data-type="note"><h1>
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Base R
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</h1><p>You are reading the work-in-progress second edition of R for Data Science. This chapter should be readable but is currently undergoing final polishing. You can find the complete first edition at <a href="https://r4ds.had.co.nz" class="uri">https://r4ds.had.co.nz</a>.</p>
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<p>It’s possible to put a list in a column of a <code>data.frame</code>, but it’s a lot fiddlier because <code><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/data.frame.html">data.frame()</a></code> treats a list as a list of columns:</p><div class="cell">
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</h1><p>It’s possible to put a list in a column of a <code>data.frame</code>, but it’s a lot fiddlier because <code><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/data.frame.html">data.frame()</a></code> treats a list as a list of columns:</p><div class="cell">
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<pre data-type="programlisting" data-code-language="downlit">data.frame(x = list(1:3, 3:5))
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#> x.1.3 x.3.5
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#> 1 1 3
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@@ -486,15 +460,15 @@ repos
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unnest_longer(json) |>
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unnest_wider(json)
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#> # A tibble: 176 × 68
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#> id name full_…¹ owner private html_…² descr…³ fork url forks…⁴
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#> <int> <chr> <chr> <list> <lgl> <chr> <chr> <lgl> <chr> <chr>
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#> 1 6.12e7 after gaborc… <named list> FALSE https:… Run Co… FALSE http… https:…
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#> 2 4.05e7 argu… gaborc… <named list> FALSE https:… Declar… FALSE http… https:…
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#> 3 3.64e7 ask gaborc… <named list> FALSE https:… Friend… FALSE http… https:…
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#> 4 3.49e7 base… gaborc… <named list> FALSE https:… Do we … FALSE http… https:…
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#> 5 6.16e7 cite… gaborc… <named list> FALSE https:… Test R… TRUE http… https:…
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#> 6 3.39e7 clis… gaborc… <named list> FALSE https:… Unicod… FALSE http… https:…
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#> # … with 170 more rows, 58 more variables: keys_url <chr>,
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#> id name full_…¹ owner private html_…² descr…³ fork url
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#> <int> <chr> <chr> <list> <lgl> <chr> <chr> <lgl> <chr>
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#> 1 61160198 after gaborc… <named list> FALSE https:… Run Co… FALSE http…
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#> 2 40500181 argufy gaborc… <named list> FALSE https:… Declar… FALSE http…
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#> 3 36442442 ask gaborc… <named list> FALSE https:… Friend… FALSE http…
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#> 4 34924886 baseimpo… gaborc… <named list> FALSE https:… Do we … FALSE http…
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#> 5 61620661 citest gaborc… <named list> FALSE https:… Test R… TRUE http…
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#> 6 33907457 clisymbo… gaborc… <named list> FALSE https:… Unicod… FALSE http…
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#> # … with 170 more rows, 59 more variables: forks_url <chr>, keys_url <chr>,
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#> # collaborators_url <chr>, teams_url <chr>, hooks_url <chr>,
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#> # issue_events_url <chr>, events_url <chr>, assignees_url <chr>,
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#> # branches_url <chr>, tags_url <chr>, blobs_url <chr>, git_tags_url <chr>,
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@@ -539,14 +513,14 @@ repos
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unnest_wider(json) |>
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select(id, full_name, owner, description)
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#> # A tibble: 176 × 4
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#> id full_name owner description
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#> <int> <chr> <list> <chr>
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#> 1 61160198 gaborcsardi/after <named list [17]> Run Code in the Background
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#> 2 40500181 gaborcsardi/argufy <named list [17]> Declarative function argum…
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#> 3 36442442 gaborcsardi/ask <named list [17]> Friendly CLI interaction i…
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#> 4 34924886 gaborcsardi/baseimports <named list [17]> Do we get warnings for und…
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#> 5 61620661 gaborcsardi/citest <named list [17]> Test R package and repo fo…
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#> 6 33907457 gaborcsardi/clisymbols <named list [17]> Unicode symbols for CLI ap…
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#> id full_name owner description
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#> <int> <chr> <list> <chr>
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#> 1 61160198 gaborcsardi/after <named list [17]> Run Code in the Backgro…
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#> 2 40500181 gaborcsardi/argufy <named list [17]> Declarative function ar…
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#> 3 36442442 gaborcsardi/ask <named list [17]> Friendly CLI interactio…
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#> 4 34924886 gaborcsardi/baseimports <named list [17]> Do we get warnings for …
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#> 5 61620661 gaborcsardi/citest <named list [17]> Test R package and repo…
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#> 6 33907457 gaborcsardi/clisymbols <named list [17]> Unicode symbols for CLI…
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#> # … with 170 more rows</pre>
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</div>
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<p>You can use this to work back to understand how <code>gh_repos</code> was strucured: each child was a GitHub user containing a list of up to 30 GitHub repositories that they created.</p>
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@@ -572,21 +546,21 @@ repos
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select(id, full_name, owner, description) |>
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unnest_wider(owner, names_sep = "_")
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#> # A tibble: 176 × 20
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#> id full_…¹ owner…² owner…³ owner…⁴ owner…⁵ owner…⁶ owner…⁷ owner…⁸ owner…⁹
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#> <int> <chr> <chr> <int> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr>
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#> 1 6.12e7 gaborc… gaborc… 660288 https:… "" https:… https:… https:… https:…
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#> 2 4.05e7 gaborc… gaborc… 660288 https:… "" https:… https:… https:… https:…
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#> 3 3.64e7 gaborc… gaborc… 660288 https:… "" https:… https:… https:… https:…
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#> 4 3.49e7 gaborc… gaborc… 660288 https:… "" https:… https:… https:… https:…
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#> 5 6.16e7 gaborc… gaborc… 660288 https:… "" https:… https:… https:… https:…
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#> 6 3.39e7 gaborc… gaborc… 660288 https:… "" https:… https:… https:… https:…
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#> # … with 170 more rows, 10 more variables: owner_gists_url <chr>,
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#> # owner_starred_url <chr>, owner_subscriptions_url <chr>,
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#> # owner_organizations_url <chr>, owner_repos_url <chr>,
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#> # owner_events_url <chr>, owner_received_events_url <chr>, owner_type <chr>,
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#> # owner_site_admin <lgl>, description <chr>, and abbreviated variable names
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#> # ¹full_name, ²owner_login, ³owner_id, ⁴owner_avatar_url, ⁵owner_gravatar_id,
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#> # ⁶owner_url, ⁷owner_html_url, ⁸owner_followers_url, ⁹owner_following_url</pre>
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#> id full_name owner…¹ owner…² owner…³ owner…⁴ owner…⁵ owner…⁶ owner…⁷
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#> <int> <chr> <chr> <int> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr>
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#> 1 61160198 gaborcsar… gaborc… 660288 https:… "" https:… https:… https:…
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#> 2 40500181 gaborcsar… gaborc… 660288 https:… "" https:… https:… https:…
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#> 3 36442442 gaborcsar… gaborc… 660288 https:… "" https:… https:… https:…
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#> 4 34924886 gaborcsar… gaborc… 660288 https:… "" https:… https:… https:…
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#> 5 61620661 gaborcsar… gaborc… 660288 https:… "" https:… https:… https:…
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#> 6 33907457 gaborcsar… gaborc… 660288 https:… "" https:… https:… https:…
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#> # … with 170 more rows, 11 more variables: owner_following_url <chr>,
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#> # owner_gists_url <chr>, owner_starred_url <chr>,
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#> # owner_subscriptions_url <chr>, owner_organizations_url <chr>,
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#> # owner_repos_url <chr>, owner_events_url <chr>,
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#> # owner_received_events_url <chr>, owner_type <chr>,
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#> # owner_site_admin <lgl>, description <chr>, and abbreviated variable
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#> # names ¹owner_login, ²owner_id, ³owner_avatar_url, ⁴owner_gravatar_id, …</pre>
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</div>
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<p>This gives another wide dataset, but you can see that <code>owner</code> appears to contain a lot of additional data about the person who “owns” the repository.</p>
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</section>
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@@ -614,14 +588,14 @@ chars
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<pre data-type="programlisting" data-code-language="downlit">chars |>
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unnest_wider(json)
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#> # A tibble: 30 × 18
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#> url id name gender culture born died alive titles aliases father
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#> <chr> <int> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr> <lgl> <list> <list> <chr>
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#> 1 https://ww… 1022 Theo… Male "Ironb… "In … "" TRUE <chr> <chr> ""
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#> 2 https://ww… 1052 Tyri… Male "" "In … "" TRUE <chr> <chr> ""
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#> 3 https://ww… 1074 Vict… Male "Ironb… "In … "" TRUE <chr> <chr> ""
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#> 4 https://ww… 1109 Will Male "" "" "In … FALSE <chr> <chr> ""
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#> 5 https://ww… 1166 Areo… Male "Norvo… "In … "" TRUE <chr> <chr> ""
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#> 6 https://ww… 1267 Chett Male "" "At … "In … FALSE <chr> <chr> ""
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#> url id name gender culture born died alive titles aliases father
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#> <chr> <int> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr> <lgl> <list> <list> <chr>
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#> 1 https:/… 1022 Theo… Male "Ironb… "In … "" TRUE <chr> <chr> ""
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#> 2 https:/… 1052 Tyri… Male "" "In … "" TRUE <chr> <chr> ""
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#> 3 https:/… 1074 Vict… Male "Ironb… "In … "" TRUE <chr> <chr> ""
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#> 4 https:/… 1109 Will Male "" "" "In … FALSE <chr> <chr> ""
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#> 5 https:/… 1166 Areo… Male "Norvo… "In … "" TRUE <chr> <chr> ""
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#> 6 https:/… 1267 Chett Male "" "At … "In … FALSE <chr> <chr> ""
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#> # … with 24 more rows, and 7 more variables: mother <chr>, spouse <chr>,
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#> # allegiances <list>, books <list>, povBooks <list>, tvSeries <list>,
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#> # playedBy <list></pre>
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@@ -633,14 +607,14 @@ chars
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select(id, name, gender, culture, born, died, alive)
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characters
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#> # A tibble: 30 × 7
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#> id name gender culture born died alive
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#> <int> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr> <lgl>
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#> 1 1022 Theon Greyjoy Male "Ironborn" "In 278 AC or 279 AC, a… "" TRUE
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#> 2 1052 Tyrion Lannister Male "" "In 273 AC, at Casterly… "" TRUE
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#> 3 1074 Victarion Greyjoy Male "Ironborn" "In 268 AC or before, a… "" TRUE
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#> 4 1109 Will Male "" "" "In … FALSE
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#> 5 1166 Areo Hotah Male "Norvoshi" "In 257 AC or before, a… "" TRUE
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#> 6 1267 Chett Male "" "At Hag's Mire" "In … FALSE
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#> id name gender culture born died alive
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#> <int> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr> <lgl>
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#> 1 1022 Theon Greyjoy Male "Ironborn" "In 278 AC or 279 AC… "" TRUE
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#> 2 1052 Tyrion Lannister Male "" "In 273 AC, at Caste… "" TRUE
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#> 3 1074 Victarion Greyjoy Male "Ironborn" "In 268 AC or before… "" TRUE
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#> 4 1109 Will Male "" "" "In … FALSE
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#> 5 1166 Areo Hotah Male "Norvoshi" "In 257 AC or before… "" TRUE
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#> 6 1267 Chett Male "" "At Hag's Mire" "In … FALSE
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#> # … with 24 more rows</pre>
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</div>
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<p>There are also many list-columns:</p>
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@@ -649,15 +623,15 @@ characters
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unnest_wider(json) |>
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select(id, where(is.list))
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#> # A tibble: 30 × 8
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#> id titles aliases allegiances books povBooks tvSeries playedBy
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#> <int> <list> <list> <list> <list> <list> <list> <list>
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#> 1 1022 <chr [3]> <chr [4]> <chr [1]> <chr [3]> <chr [2]> <chr [6]> <chr [1]>
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#> 2 1052 <chr [2]> <chr [11]> <chr [1]> <chr [2]> <chr [4]> <chr [6]> <chr [1]>
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#> 3 1074 <chr [2]> <chr [1]> <chr [1]> <chr [3]> <chr [2]> <chr [1]> <chr [1]>
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#> 4 1109 <chr [1]> <chr [1]> <NULL> <chr [1]> <chr [1]> <chr [1]> <chr [1]>
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#> 5 1166 <chr [1]> <chr [1]> <chr [1]> <chr [3]> <chr [2]> <chr [2]> <chr [1]>
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#> 6 1267 <chr [1]> <chr [1]> <NULL> <chr [2]> <chr [1]> <chr [1]> <chr [1]>
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#> # … with 24 more rows</pre>
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#> id titles aliases allegiances books povBooks tvSeries playe…¹
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#> <int> <list> <list> <list> <list> <list> <list> <list>
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#> 1 1022 <chr [3]> <chr [4]> <chr [1]> <chr [3]> <chr [2]> <chr> <chr>
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#> 2 1052 <chr [2]> <chr [11]> <chr [1]> <chr [2]> <chr [4]> <chr> <chr>
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#> 3 1074 <chr [2]> <chr [1]> <chr [1]> <chr [3]> <chr [2]> <chr> <chr>
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#> 4 1109 <chr [1]> <chr [1]> <NULL> <chr [1]> <chr [1]> <chr> <chr>
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#> 5 1166 <chr [1]> <chr [1]> <chr [1]> <chr [3]> <chr [2]> <chr> <chr>
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#> 6 1267 <chr [1]> <chr [1]> <NULL> <chr [2]> <chr [1]> <chr> <chr>
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#> # … with 24 more rows, and abbreviated variable name ¹playedBy</pre>
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</div>
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<p>Lets explore the <code>titles</code> column. It’s an unnamed list-column, so we’ll unnest it into rows:</p>
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<div class="cell">
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@@ -713,14 +687,14 @@ characters |>
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select(id, name) |>
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inner_join(titles, by = "id", multiple = "all")
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#> # A tibble: 53 × 3
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#> id name title
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#> <int> <chr> <chr>
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#> 1 1022 Theon Greyjoy Prince of Winterfell
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#> 2 1022 Theon Greyjoy Captain of Sea Bitch
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#> 3 1022 Theon Greyjoy Lord of the Iron Islands (by law of the green lands)
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#> 4 1052 Tyrion Lannister Acting Hand of the King (former)
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#> 5 1052 Tyrion Lannister Master of Coin (former)
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#> 6 1074 Victarion Greyjoy Lord Captain of the Iron Fleet
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#> id name title
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#> <int> <chr> <chr>
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#> 1 1022 Theon Greyjoy Prince of Winterfell
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#> 2 1022 Theon Greyjoy Captain of Sea Bitch
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#> 3 1022 Theon Greyjoy Lord of the Iron Islands (by law of the green land…
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#> 4 1052 Tyrion Lannister Acting Hand of the King (former)
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#> 5 1052 Tyrion Lannister Master of Coin (former)
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#> 6 1074 Victarion Greyjoy Lord Captain of the Iron Fleet
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#> # … with 47 more rows</pre>
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</div>
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<p>You could imagine creating a table like this for each of the list-columns, then using joins to combine them with the character data as you need it.</p>
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@@ -855,15 +829,15 @@ Deeply nested</h2>
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unnest_wider(results)
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locations
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#> # A tibble: 7 × 6
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#> city address_components formatted_address geometry place_id types
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#> <chr> <list> <chr> <list> <chr> <list>
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#> 1 Houston <list [4]> Houston, TX, USA <named list> ChIJAYW… <list>
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#> 2 Washington <list [2]> Washington, USA <named list> ChIJ-bD… <list>
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#> 3 Washington <list [4]> Washington, DC, USA <named list> ChIJW-T… <list>
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#> 4 New York <list [3]> New York, NY, USA <named list> ChIJOwg… <list>
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#> 5 Chicago <list [4]> Chicago, IL, USA <named list> ChIJ7cv… <list>
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#> 6 Arlington <list [4]> Arlington, TX, USA <named list> ChIJ05g… <list>
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#> # … with 1 more row</pre>
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#> city address_components formatted_address geometry place…¹ types
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#> <chr> <list> <chr> <list> <chr> <list>
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#> 1 Houston <list [4]> Houston, TX, USA <named list> ChIJAY… <list>
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#> 2 Washington <list [2]> Washington, USA <named list> ChIJ-b… <list>
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#> 3 Washington <list [4]> Washington, DC, … <named list> ChIJW-… <list>
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#> 4 New York <list [3]> New York, NY, USA <named list> ChIJOw… <list>
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#> 5 Chicago <list [4]> Chicago, IL, USA <named list> ChIJ7c… <list>
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#> 6 Arlington <list [4]> Arlington, TX, U… <named list> ChIJ05… <list>
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#> # … with 1 more row, and abbreviated variable name ¹place_id</pre>
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</div>
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<p>Now we can see why two cities got two results: Washington matched both Washington state and Washington, DC, and Arlington matched Arlington, Virginia and Arlington, Texas.</p>
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<p>There are few different places we could go from here. We might want to determine the exact location of the match, which is stored in the <code>geometry</code> list-column:</p>
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@@ -872,14 +846,14 @@ locations
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select(city, formatted_address, geometry) |>
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unnest_wider(geometry)
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#> # A tibble: 7 × 6
|
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#> city formatted_address bounds location locati…¹ viewport
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#> <chr> <chr> <list> <list> <chr> <list>
|
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#> 1 Houston Houston, TX, USA <named list> <named list> APPROXI… <named list>
|
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#> 2 Washington Washington, USA <named list> <named list> APPROXI… <named list>
|
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#> 3 Washington Washington, DC, USA <named list> <named list> APPROXI… <named list>
|
||||
#> 4 New York New York, NY, USA <named list> <named list> APPROXI… <named list>
|
||||
#> 5 Chicago Chicago, IL, USA <named list> <named list> APPROXI… <named list>
|
||||
#> 6 Arlington Arlington, TX, USA <named list> <named list> APPROXI… <named list>
|
||||
#> city formatted_address bounds location locat…¹ viewport
|
||||
#> <chr> <chr> <list> <list> <chr> <list>
|
||||
#> 1 Houston Houston, TX, USA <named list> <named list> APPROX… <named list>
|
||||
#> 2 Washington Washington, USA <named list> <named list> APPROX… <named list>
|
||||
#> 3 Washington Washington, DC, … <named list> <named list> APPROX… <named list>
|
||||
#> 4 New York New York, NY, USA <named list> <named list> APPROX… <named list>
|
||||
#> 5 Chicago Chicago, IL, USA <named list> <named list> APPROX… <named list>
|
||||
#> 6 Arlington Arlington, TX, U… <named list> <named list> APPROX… <named list>
|
||||
#> # … with 1 more row, and abbreviated variable name ¹location_type</pre>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p>That gives us new <code>bounds</code> (a rectangular region) and <code>location</code> (a point). We can unnest <code>location</code> to see the latitude (<code>lat</code>) and longitude (<code>lng</code>):</p>
|
||||
@@ -889,14 +863,14 @@ locations
|
||||
unnest_wider(geometry) |>
|
||||
unnest_wider(location)
|
||||
#> # A tibble: 7 × 7
|
||||
#> city formatted_address bounds lat lng locati…¹ viewport
|
||||
#> <chr> <chr> <list> <dbl> <dbl> <chr> <list>
|
||||
#> 1 Houston Houston, TX, USA <named list> 29.8 -95.4 APPROXI… <named list>
|
||||
#> 2 Washington Washington, USA <named list> 47.8 -121. APPROXI… <named list>
|
||||
#> 3 Washington Washington, DC, USA <named list> 38.9 -77.0 APPROXI… <named list>
|
||||
#> 4 New York New York, NY, USA <named list> 40.7 -74.0 APPROXI… <named list>
|
||||
#> 5 Chicago Chicago, IL, USA <named list> 41.9 -87.6 APPROXI… <named list>
|
||||
#> 6 Arlington Arlington, TX, USA <named list> 32.7 -97.1 APPROXI… <named list>
|
||||
#> city formatted_address bounds lat lng locat…¹ viewport
|
||||
#> <chr> <chr> <list> <dbl> <dbl> <chr> <list>
|
||||
#> 1 Houston Houston, TX, USA <named list> 29.8 -95.4 APPROX… <named list>
|
||||
#> 2 Washington Washington, USA <named list> 47.8 -121. APPROX… <named list>
|
||||
#> 3 Washington Washington, DC, … <named list> 38.9 -77.0 APPROX… <named list>
|
||||
#> 4 New York New York, NY, USA <named list> 40.7 -74.0 APPROX… <named list>
|
||||
#> 5 Chicago Chicago, IL, USA <named list> 41.9 -87.6 APPROX… <named list>
|
||||
#> 6 Arlington Arlington, TX, U… <named list> 32.7 -97.1 APPROX… <named list>
|
||||
#> # … with 1 more row, and abbreviated variable name ¹location_type</pre>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p>Extracting the bounds requires a few more steps:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user