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<section id="title-slide" class="quarto-title-block center">
|
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<h1 class="title">二、R语言语法基础</h1>
|
||
<p class="subtitle">《区域水环境污染数据分析实践》<br>Data analysis practice of regional water environment pollution</p>
|
||
|
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<div class="quarto-title-authors">
|
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<div class="quarto-title-author">
|
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<div class="quarto-title-author-name">
|
||
苏命、王为东<br>中国科学院大学资源与环境学院<br>中国科学院生态环境研究中心
|
||
</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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|
||
<p class="date">2025-03-17</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="数据类型" class="slide level2">
|
||
<h2>数据类型</h2>
|
||
<h3 id="数值型">数值型</h3>
|
||
<p>R中的数值型数据可以是整数或浮点数。</p>
|
||
<div class="cell">
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb1"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb1-1"><a></a>(x <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="dv">10</span>)</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] 10</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb3"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb3-1"><a></a>(y <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fl">1.23e-2</span>)</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] 0.0123</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb5"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb5-1"><a></a>(z <span class="ot"><-</span> pi)</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] 3.141593</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="数据类型-1" class="slide level2">
|
||
<h2>数据类型</h2>
|
||
<h3 id="字符串">字符串</h3>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>R 中的字符串用引号括起来，建议用<strong>双引号</strong>。</li>
|
||
<li>中文编码主要有GBK编码和UTF-8编码， 可能遇到编码错误造成乱码。RStudio软件默认采用UTF-8编码，在R程序运行时字符串一般用UTF-8编码保存。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<div class="cell">
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb7"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb7-1"><a></a>(str <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="st">"Hello, World!"</span>)</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] "Hello, World!"</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb9"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb9-1"><a></a>(str <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="st">'Hello, World!'</span>)</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] "Hello, World!"</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb11"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb11-1"><a></a>(str <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="st">'He was very angry, and shouted: "Stop!"'</span>)</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] "He was very angry, and shouted: \"Stop!\""</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="数据类型-2" class="slide level2">
|
||
<h2>数据类型</h2>
|
||
<h3 id="逻辑">逻辑</h3>
|
||
<div class="cell">
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb13"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb13-1"><a></a><span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="cn">TRUE</span>, <span class="cn">FALSE</span>)</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] TRUE FALSE</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="特殊值" class="slide level2">
|
||
<h2>特殊值</h2>
|
||
<div class="columns">
|
||
<div class="column" style="width:45%;">
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><code>NA</code>: 这是最常见的NA类型，表示缺失值</li>
|
||
<li><code>NA_integer_</code>: 这是NA的整数类型</li>
|
||
<li><code>NA_real_</code>: 这是NA的实数类型</li>
|
||
<li><code>NA_character_</code>: 这是NA的字符类型</li>
|
||
<li><code>NA_complex_</code>: 这是NA的复数类型</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div><div class="column" style="width:5%;">
|
||
|
||
</div><div class="column" style="width:45%;">
|
||
<div class="cell">
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb15"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb15-1"><a></a>pi</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] 3.141593</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb17"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb17-1"><a></a><span class="cn">NA</span></span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] NA</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb19"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb19-1"><a></a><span class="cn">NA_character_</span></span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] NA</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb21"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb21-1"><a></a><span class="cn">Inf</span></span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] Inf</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div></div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="特殊值-1" class="slide level2">
|
||
<h2>特殊值</h2>
|
||
<p>在 R 中，<code>Inf</code> 代表正无穷大（positive infinity），而 <code>-Inf</code> 则代表负无穷大（negative infinity）。这些值通常出现在数学计算中，例如除以零或对负数取对数等操作可能会导致无穷大的结果。</p>
|
||
<div class="cell">
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb23"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb23-1"><a></a><span class="co"># 正无穷大</span></span>
|
||
<span id="cb23-2"><a></a>(x <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="cn">Inf</span>)</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] Inf</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb25"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb25-1"><a></a><span class="co"># 负无穷大</span></span>
|
||
<span id="cb25-2"><a></a>(y <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="sc">-</span><span class="cn">Inf</span>)</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] -Inf</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb27"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb27-1"><a></a><span class="co"># 无穷大的运算</span></span>
|
||
<span id="cb27-2"><a></a>(a <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="dv">5</span> <span class="sc">/</span> <span class="dv">0</span>)</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] Inf</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb29"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb29-1"><a></a>(b <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">log</span>(<span class="dv">0</span>))</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] -Inf</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="变量赋值" class="slide level2">
|
||
<h2>变量赋值</h2>
|
||
<p>在 R 中，可以使用 <code><-</code> 或 <code>=</code> 运算符将值赋给变量，<strong>建议用<code><-</code></strong>。</p>
|
||
<div class="cell">
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb31"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb31-1"><a></a><span class="co"># 使用 `<-` 运算符</span></span>
|
||
<span id="cb31-2"><a></a>(x <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="dv">10</span>)</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] 10</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb33"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb33-1"><a></a>(y <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="st">"hello"</span>)</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] "hello"</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb35"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb35-1"><a></a><span class="co"># 使用 `=` 运算符</span></span>
|
||
<span id="cb35-2"><a></a>(<span class="at">z =</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="dv">2</span>, <span class="dv">3</span>))</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] 1 2 3</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="变量赋值-1" class="slide level2">
|
||
<h2>变量赋值</h2>
|
||
<div class="cell">
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb37"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb37-1"><a></a><span class="co"># 向量赋值</span></span>
|
||
<span id="cb37-2"><a></a>(vec <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="dv">2</span>, <span class="dv">3</span>, <span class="dv">4</span>, <span class="dv">5</span>))</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] 1 2 3 4 5</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb39"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb39-1"><a></a><span class="co"># 矩阵赋值</span></span>
|
||
<span id="cb39-2"><a></a>(mat <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">matrix</span>(<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">9</span>, <span class="at">nrow =</span> <span class="dv">3</span>))</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code> [,1] [,2] [,3]
|
||
[1,] 1 4 7
|
||
[2,] 2 5 8
|
||
[3,] 3 6 9</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="变量赋值-2" class="slide level2">
|
||
<h2>变量赋值</h2>
|
||
<h3 id="数据框赋值">数据框赋值</h3>
|
||
<div class="cell">
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb41"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb41-1"><a></a>(df <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">data.frame</span>(</span>
|
||
<span id="cb41-2"><a></a> <span class="at">Name =</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="st">"Alice"</span>, <span class="st">"Bob"</span>, <span class="st">"Charlie"</span>),</span>
|
||
<span id="cb41-3"><a></a> <span class="at">Age =</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="dv">25</span>, <span class="dv">30</span>, <span class="dv">35</span>),</span>
|
||
<span id="cb41-4"><a></a> <span class="at">Married =</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="cn">TRUE</span>, <span class="cn">FALSE</span>, <span class="cn">TRUE</span>)</span>
|
||
<span id="cb41-5"><a></a>))</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code> Name Age Married
|
||
1 Alice 25 TRUE
|
||
2 Bob 30 FALSE
|
||
3 Charlie 35 TRUE</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="变量赋值-3" class="slide level2">
|
||
<h2>变量赋值</h2>
|
||
<h3 id="列表赋值">列表赋值</h3>
|
||
<div class="cell">
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb43"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb43-1"><a></a>(lst <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">list</span>(</span>
|
||
<span id="cb43-2"><a></a> <span class="at">numbers =</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="dv">2</span>, <span class="dv">3</span>),</span>
|
||
<span id="cb43-3"><a></a> <span class="at">strings =</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="st">"a"</span>, <span class="st">"b"</span>, <span class="st">"c"</span>),</span>
|
||
<span id="cb43-4"><a></a> <span class="at">matrix =</span> <span class="fu">matrix</span>(<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">9</span>, <span class="at">nrow =</span> <span class="dv">3</span>)</span>
|
||
<span id="cb43-5"><a></a>))</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>$numbers
|
||
[1] 1 2 3
|
||
|
||
$strings
|
||
[1] "a" "b" "c"
|
||
|
||
$matrix
|
||
[,1] [,2] [,3]
|
||
[1,] 1 4 7
|
||
[2,] 2 5 8
|
||
[3,] 3 6 9</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="数学函数" class="slide level2">
|
||
<h2>数学函数</h2>
|
||
<div class="cell">
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb45"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb45-1"><a></a><span class="fu">round</span>(pi, <span class="at">digits =</span> <span class="dv">3</span>)</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] 3.142</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb47"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb47-1"><a></a><span class="fu">log</span>(<span class="dv">10</span>)</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] 2.302585</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<ol type="1">
|
||
<li><code>abs(x)</code>: 返回 <code>x</code> 的绝对值</li>
|
||
<li><code>sqrt(x)</code>: 返回 <code>x</code> 的平方根</li>
|
||
<li><code>exp(x)</code>: 以e为底的指数函数值</li>
|
||
<li><code>log(x, base)</code>: 以指定底数的对数函数的值，默认底数为e</li>
|
||
<li><code>log10(x)</code>: 10为底的对数值</li>
|
||
<li><code>log2(x)</code>: 2为底的对数值</li>
|
||
<li><code>floor(x)</code>: 不大于<code>x</code>的最大整数</li>
|
||
<li><code>ceiling(x)</code>: 不小于<code>x</code>的最小整数</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="数学函数-1" class="slide level2">
|
||
<h2>数学函数</h2>
|
||
<ol start="9" type="1">
|
||
<li><code>sin(x)</code>, <code>cos(x)</code>, <code>tan(x)</code>: 返回 <code>x</code> 的正弦、余弦和正切值，其中 <code>x</code> 为弧度</li>
|
||
<li><code>asin(x)</code>, <code>acos(x)</code>, <code>atan(x)</code>: <code>x</code> 的反正弦、反余弦和反正切值，返回弧度</li>
|
||
<li><code>sinh(x)</code>, <code>cosh(x)</code>, <code>tanh(x)</code>: 返回 <code>x</code> 的双曲正弦、双曲余弦和双曲正切值</li>
|
||
<li><code>asinh(x)</code>, <code>acosh(x)</code>, <code>atanh(x)</code>: 反双曲正弦、反双曲余弦和反双曲正切值</li>
|
||
<li><code>round(x, digits)</code>: <code>x</code> 四舍五入，<code>digits</code>指定小数点后位数</li>
|
||
<li><code>trunc(x)</code>: 返回<code>x</code>截断值，即去掉小数部分</li>
|
||
<li><code>sign(x)</code>: 返回符号</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="统计函数" class="slide level2">
|
||
<h2>统计函数</h2>
|
||
<div class="cell">
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb49"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb49-1"><a></a>x <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="dv">5</span>, <span class="dv">10</span>, <span class="dv">15</span>, <span class="dv">20</span>, <span class="dv">25</span>)</span>
|
||
<span id="cb49-2"><a></a><span class="co"># 计算向量的平均值</span></span>
|
||
<span id="cb49-3"><a></a><span class="fu">mean</span>(x)</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] 15</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb51"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb51-1"><a></a><span class="co"># 计算向量的中位数</span></span>
|
||
<span id="cb51-2"><a></a><span class="fu">median</span>(x)</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] 15</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb53"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb53-1"><a></a><span class="co"># 计算向量的最小值</span></span>
|
||
<span id="cb53-2"><a></a><span class="fu">min</span>(x)</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] 5</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb55"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb55-1"><a></a><span class="co"># 计算向量的最大值</span></span>
|
||
<span id="cb55-2"><a></a><span class="fu">max</span>(x)</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] 25</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb57"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb57-1"><a></a><span class="co"># 计算向量的总和</span></span>
|
||
<span id="cb57-2"><a></a><span class="fu">sum</span>(x)</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] 75</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="统计函数-1" class="slide level2">
|
||
<h2>统计函数</h2>
|
||
<div class="cell">
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb59"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb59-1"><a></a><span class="co"># 计算向量的标准差</span></span>
|
||
<span id="cb59-2"><a></a><span class="fu">sd</span>(x)</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] 7.905694</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb61"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb61-1"><a></a><span class="co"># 计算向量的方差</span></span>
|
||
<span id="cb61-2"><a></a><span class="fu">var</span>(x)</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] 62.5</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb63"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb63-1"><a></a><span class="co"># 计算向量的分位数</span></span>
|
||
<span id="cb63-2"><a></a><span class="fu">quantile</span>(x, <span class="at">probs =</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="fl">0.25</span>, <span class="fl">0.5</span>, <span class="fl">0.75</span>))</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>25% 50% 75%
|
||
10 15 20 </code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb65"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb65-1"><a></a><span class="co"># 统计向量的频数</span></span>
|
||
<span id="cb65-2"><a></a>(frequency <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">table</span>(x))</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>x
|
||
5 10 15 20 25
|
||
1 1 1 1 1 </code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="统计函数-2" class="slide level2">
|
||
<h2>统计函数</h2>
|
||
<h3 id="执行两样本或单样本-t-检验">执行两样本或单样本 t 检验</h3>
|
||
<div class="cell">
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb67"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb67-1"><a></a>y <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="dv">3</span>, <span class="dv">8</span>, <span class="dv">13</span>, <span class="dv">18</span>, <span class="dv">23</span>)</span>
|
||
<span id="cb67-2"><a></a><span class="fu">t.test</span>(x, y)</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>
|
||
Welch Two Sample t-test
|
||
|
||
data: x and y
|
||
t = 0.4, df = 8, p-value = 0.6996
|
||
alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
|
||
95 percent confidence interval:
|
||
-9.530021 13.530021
|
||
sample estimates:
|
||
mean of x mean of y
|
||
15 13 </code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="统计函数-3" class="slide level2">
|
||
<h2>统计函数</h2>
|
||
<h3 id="wilcoxon-mann-whitney检验">Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney检验</h3>
|
||
<div class="cell">
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb69"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb69-1"><a></a><span class="fu">wilcox.test</span>(x, y)</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>
|
||
Wilcoxon rank sum exact test
|
||
|
||
data: x and y
|
||
W = 15, p-value = 0.6905
|
||
alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="统计函数-4" class="slide level2">
|
||
<h2>统计函数</h2>
|
||
<h3 id="创建向量的直方图">创建向量的直方图</h3>
|
||
<div class="cell">
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb71"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb71-1"><a></a><span class="fu">hist</span>(x)</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<img data-src="index_files/figure-revealjs/unnamed-chunk-16-1.png" width="480" class="r-stretch"></section>
|
||
<section id="函数调用-练习" class="slide level2">
|
||
<h2>函数调用-练习</h2>
|
||
<h3 id="题目设有一组数据集合-x-包含了一些整数请编写r语言代码计算并输出以下指标">题目：设有一组数据集合 x 包含了一些整数，请编写R语言代码计算并输出以下指标：</h3>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>平均值（mean）</li>
|
||
<li>中位数（median）</li>
|
||
<li>最大值（maximum）</li>
|
||
<li>最小值（minimum）</li>
|
||
<li>数据集合中所有元素的和（sum）</li>
|
||
<li>数据集合的标准差（standard deviation）</li>
|
||
<li>数据集合 x 为：x <- c(10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100)</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p><strong>要求：使用R语言编写函数，输入参数为数据集合 x，输出为以上指标的值。</strong></p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="控制流程" class="slide level2">
|
||
<h2>控制流程</h2>
|
||
<h3 id="if-else-语句">if-else 语句</h3>
|
||
<div class="cell">
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb72"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb72-1"><a></a>x <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="dv">10</span></span>
|
||
<span id="cb72-2"><a></a></span>
|
||
<span id="cb72-3"><a></a><span class="cf">if</span> (x <span class="sc">></span> <span class="dv">10</span>) {</span>
|
||
<span id="cb72-4"><a></a> <span class="fu">print</span>(<span class="st">"x 大于 10"</span>)</span>
|
||
<span id="cb72-5"><a></a>} <span class="cf">else</span> {</span>
|
||
<span id="cb72-6"><a></a> <span class="fu">print</span>(<span class="st">"x 不大于 10"</span>)</span>
|
||
<span id="cb72-7"><a></a>}</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] "x 不大于 10"</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="控制流程-1" class="slide level2">
|
||
<h2>控制流程</h2>
|
||
<h3 id="for-循环">for 循环</h3>
|
||
<div class="cell">
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb74"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb74-1"><a></a><span class="cf">for</span> (i <span class="cf">in</span> <span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">5</span>) {</span>
|
||
<span id="cb74-2"><a></a> <span class="fu">print</span>(i)</span>
|
||
<span id="cb74-3"><a></a>}</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] 1
|
||
[1] 2
|
||
[1] 3
|
||
[1] 4
|
||
[1] 5</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="自定义函数" class="slide level2">
|
||
<h2>自定义函数</h2>
|
||
<h3 id="定义函数">定义函数</h3>
|
||
<p>使用 <code>function</code> 关键字定义函数，并使用 <code>return</code> 关键字返回结果。</p>
|
||
<div class="cell">
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb76"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb76-1"><a></a>my_function <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="cf">function</span>(x, y) {</span>
|
||
<span id="cb76-2"><a></a> <span class="fu">return</span>(x <span class="sc">+</span> y)</span>
|
||
<span id="cb76-3"><a></a>}</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<h3 id="调用函数">调用函数</h3>
|
||
<div class="cell">
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb77"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb77-1"><a></a>result <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">my_function</span>(<span class="dv">3</span>, <span class="dv">4</span>)</span>
|
||
<span id="cb77-2"><a></a><span class="fu">print</span>(result)</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] 7</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="数据结构" class="slide level2">
|
||
<h2>数据结构</h2>
|
||
<h3 id="向量">向量</h3>
|
||
<p>向量是一维数组，可以包含相同类型的元素。</p>
|
||
<div class="cell">
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb79"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb79-1"><a></a>(v <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="dv">2</span>, <span class="dv">3</span>, <span class="dv">4</span>, <span class="dv">5</span>))</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] 1 2 3 4 5</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<h3 id="列表">列表</h3>
|
||
<p>列表可以包含不同类型的元素。</p>
|
||
<div class="cell">
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb81"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb81-1"><a></a>(l <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">list</span>(<span class="at">a =</span> <span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="at">b =</span> <span class="st">"hello"</span>, <span class="at">c =</span> <span class="cn">TRUE</span>))</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>$a
|
||
[1] 1
|
||
|
||
$b
|
||
[1] "hello"
|
||
|
||
$c
|
||
[1] TRUE</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="数值型向量" class="slide level2">
|
||
<h2>数值型向量</h2>
|
||
<h3 id="什么是数值型向量">什么是数值型向量？</h3>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>在 R 中，向量是一种基本的数据结构。</li>
|
||
<li>数值型向量包含相同类型的数值元素。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3 id="创建数值型向量">创建数值型向量</h3>
|
||
<div class="cell">
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb83"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb83-1"><a></a><span class="co"># 使用 c() 函数创建数值型向量</span></span>
|
||
<span id="cb83-2"><a></a>(numeric_vector <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="dv">2</span>, <span class="dv">3</span>, <span class="dv">4</span>, <span class="dv">5</span>))</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] 1 2 3 4 5</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="数值型向量-1" class="slide level2">
|
||
<h2>数值型向量</h2>
|
||
<h3 id="向量运算">向量运算</h3>
|
||
<div class="cell">
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb85"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb85-1"><a></a><span class="co"># 创建两个数值型向量</span></span>
|
||
<span id="cb85-2"><a></a>(vector1 <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="dv">2</span>, <span class="dv">3</span>))</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] 1 2 3</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb87"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb87-1"><a></a>(vector2 <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="dv">4</span>, <span class="dv">5</span>, <span class="dv">6</span>))</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] 4 5 6</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb89"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb89-1"><a></a><span class="co"># 执行向量加法</span></span>
|
||
<span id="cb89-2"><a></a>(result <span class="ot"><-</span> vector1 <span class="sc">+</span> vector2)</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] 5 7 9</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb91"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb91-1"><a></a><span class="co"># 执行向量乘法</span></span>
|
||
<span id="cb91-2"><a></a>(result <span class="ot"><-</span> vector1 <span class="sc">*</span> vector2)</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] 4 10 18</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="向量运算-1" class="slide level2">
|
||
<h2>向量运算</h2>
|
||
<h3 id="向量求和">向量求和</h3>
|
||
<div class="cell">
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb93"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb93-1"><a></a><span class="co"># 创建数值型向量</span></span>
|
||
<span id="cb93-2"><a></a>vector <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="dv">2</span>, <span class="dv">3</span>, <span class="dv">4</span>, <span class="dv">5</span>)</span>
|
||
<span id="cb93-3"><a></a></span>
|
||
<span id="cb93-4"><a></a><span class="co"># 求和</span></span>
|
||
<span id="cb93-5"><a></a>(sum_result <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">sum</span>(vector))</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] 15</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="向量运算-2" class="slide level2">
|
||
<h2>向量运算</h2>
|
||
<h3 id="向量平均值">向量平均值</h3>
|
||
<div class="cell">
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb95"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb95-1"><a></a><span class="co"># 创建数值型向量</span></span>
|
||
<span id="cb95-2"><a></a>vector <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="dv">2</span>, <span class="dv">3</span>, <span class="dv">4</span>, <span class="dv">5</span>)</span>
|
||
<span id="cb95-3"><a></a></span>
|
||
<span id="cb95-4"><a></a><span class="co"># 平均值</span></span>
|
||
<span id="cb95-5"><a></a>(mean_result <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">mean</span>(vector))</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] 3</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="运算-数值运算" class="slide level2">
|
||
<h2>运算-数值运算</h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>a 的平方。</li>
|
||
<li>b 的立方。</li>
|
||
<li>a 除以 b 的商和余数。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p><strong>要求：使用R语言编写函数，输入参数为 a 和 b，输出为上述结果。</strong></p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="运算-逻辑运算" class="slide level2">
|
||
<h2>运算-逻辑运算</h2>
|
||
<div class="cell">
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb97"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb97-1"><a></a><span class="fu">all</span>(<span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="cn">FALSE</span>, <span class="dv">2</span>, <span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">3</span>, <span class="dv">3</span>) <span class="sc">></span> <span class="dv">1</span>)</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] FALSE</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb99"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb99-1"><a></a><span class="fu">any</span>(<span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="cn">FALSE</span>, <span class="dv">2</span>, <span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">3</span>, <span class="dv">3</span>) <span class="sc">></span> <span class="dv">1</span>)</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] TRUE</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb101"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb101-1"><a></a>(flag1 <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="cn">FALSE</span>)</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] FALSE</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb103"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb103-1"><a></a>(flag2 <span class="ot"><-</span> (<span class="dv">3</span> <span class="sc">></span> <span class="dv">2</span>))</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] TRUE</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb105"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb105-1"><a></a>(flag3 <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="cn">TRUE</span> <span class="sc">*</span> <span class="cn">TRUE</span>)</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] 1</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb107"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb107-1"><a></a>(flag4 <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="cn">TRUE</span> <span class="sc">*</span> <span class="cn">FALSE</span>)</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] 0</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb109"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb109-1"><a></a>(flag5 <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="cn">TRUE</span> <span class="sc">&</span> <span class="cn">FALSE</span>)</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] FALSE</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb111"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb111-1"><a></a>(flag6 <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="cn">TRUE</span> <span class="sc">|</span> <span class="cn">FALSE</span>)</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] TRUE</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="运算-逻辑运算-1" class="slide level2">
|
||
<h2>运算-逻辑运算</h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><code>which</code></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<div class="cell">
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb113"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb113-1"><a></a><span class="fu">which</span>(<span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="cn">FALSE</span>, <span class="cn">TRUE</span>, <span class="cn">TRUE</span>, <span class="cn">FALSE</span>, <span class="cn">NA</span>))</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] 2 3</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb115"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb115-1"><a></a><span class="fu">which</span>((<span class="dv">11</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">15</span>) <span class="sc">></span> <span class="dv">12</span>)</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] 3 4 5</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><code>identical</code></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<div class="cell">
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb117"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb117-1"><a></a><span class="fu">identical</span>(<span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="dv">1</span>,<span class="dv">2</span>,<span class="dv">3</span>), <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="dv">1</span>,<span class="dv">2</span>,<span class="cn">NA</span>))</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] FALSE</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb119"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb119-1"><a></a><span class="fu">identical</span>(<span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="dv">1</span>L,<span class="dv">2</span>L,<span class="dv">3</span>L), <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="dv">1</span>,<span class="dv">2</span>,<span class="dv">3</span>))</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] FALSE</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="运算-字符型" class="slide level2">
|
||
<h2>运算-字符型</h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>特殊字符</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<div class="cell">
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb121"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb121-1"><a></a><span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="st">"abc"</span>, <span class="st">""</span>, <span class="st">'a cat'</span>, <span class="cn">NA</span>, <span class="st">'李明'</span>, <span class="st">"</span><span class="sc">\n</span><span class="st">"</span>)</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] "abc" "" "a cat" NA "李明" "\n" </code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><code>paste</code></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<div class="cell">
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb123"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb123-1"><a></a>(users <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">paste</span>(<span class="st">"ruser"</span>, <span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">9</span>))</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] "ruser 1" "ruser 2" "ruser 3" "ruser 4" "ruser 5" "ruser 6" "ruser 7"
|
||
[8] "ruser 8" "ruser 9"</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb125"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb125-1"><a></a><span class="fu">paste</span>(users, <span class="at">collapse =</span> <span class="st">", "</span>)</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] "ruser 1, ruser 2, ruser 3, ruser 4, ruser 5, ruser 6, ruser 7, ruser 8, ruser 9"</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="运算-字符型-1" class="slide level2">
|
||
<h2>运算-字符型</h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>大小写</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<div class="cell">
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb127"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb127-1"><a></a>letters[<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">5</span>]</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] "a" "b" "c" "d" "e"</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb129"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb129-1"><a></a><span class="fu">toupper</span>(letters[<span class="dv">6</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">9</span>])</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] "F" "G" "H" "I"</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb131"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb131-1"><a></a><span class="fu">tolower</span>(month.abb)</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code> [1] "jan" "feb" "mar" "apr" "may" "jun" "jul" "aug" "sep" "oct" "nov" "dec"</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb133"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb133-1"><a></a>stringr<span class="sc">::</span><span class="fu">str_to_title</span>(<span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="st">"monday"</span>, <span class="st">"tuesday"</span>))</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] "Monday" "Tuesday"</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="运算-字符型-2" class="slide level2">
|
||
<h2>运算-字符型</h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>字符串截取</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<div class="cell">
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb135"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb135-1"><a></a><span class="fu">substr</span>(<span class="st">"Monday"</span>, <span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="dv">3</span>)</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] "Mon"</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb137"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb137-1"><a></a>stringr<span class="sc">::</span><span class="fu">str_sub</span>(<span class="st">"Monday"</span>, <span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="dv">3</span>)</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] "Mon"</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="运算-字符型-3" class="slide level2">
|
||
<h2>运算-字符型</h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>类型转换</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<div class="cell">
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb139"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb139-1"><a></a><span class="dv">100</span></span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] 100</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb141"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb141-1"><a></a><span class="fu">as.character</span>(<span class="dv">100</span>)</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] "100"</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb143"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb143-1"><a></a><span class="fu">as.numeric</span>(<span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="st">"0100"</span>, <span class="st">"0101"</span>))</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] 100 101</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb145"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb145-1"><a></a><span class="fu">sprintf</span>(<span class="st">'renamedfile%03d.png'</span>, <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="dv">3</span>, <span class="dv">99</span>, <span class="dv">100</span>))</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] "renamedfile003.png" "renamedfile099.png" "renamedfile100.png"</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="运算-字符型-4" class="slide level2">
|
||
<h2>运算-字符型</h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>字符串替换</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<div class="cell">
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb147"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb147-1"><a></a>(mystr <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="st">"He was wrong!"</span>)</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] "He was wrong!"</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb149"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb149-1"><a></a><span class="fu">gsub</span>(<span class="st">"wrong"</span>, <span class="st">"right"</span>, mystr)</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] "He was right!"</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="索引" class="slide level2">
|
||
<h2>索引</h2>
|
||
<h3 id="向量-1">向量</h3>
|
||
<div class="cell">
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb151"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb151-1"><a></a><span class="co"># 创建一个向量</span></span>
|
||
<span id="cb151-2"><a></a>vector <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="st">"apple"</span>, <span class="st">"banana"</span>, <span class="st">"cherry"</span>, <span class="st">"date"</span>)</span>
|
||
<span id="cb151-3"><a></a><span class="co"># 访问第三个元素</span></span>
|
||
<span id="cb151-4"><a></a>vector[<span class="dv">3</span>]</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] "cherry"</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb153"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb153-1"><a></a><span class="co"># 访问多个元素</span></span>
|
||
<span id="cb153-2"><a></a>vector[<span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="dv">2</span>, <span class="dv">4</span>)]</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] "banana" "date" </code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb155"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb155-1"><a></a>vector[<span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="dv">2</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">4</span>)]</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] "banana" "cherry" "date" </code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="索引-1" class="slide level2">
|
||
<h2>索引</h2>
|
||
<h3 id="向量-2">向量</h3>
|
||
<div class="cell">
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb157"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb157-1"><a></a><span class="co"># 除了第2个元素</span></span>
|
||
<span id="cb157-2"><a></a>vector[<span class="sc">-</span><span class="dv">2</span>]</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] "apple" "cherry" "date" </code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb159"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb159-1"><a></a><span class="co"># 超界</span></span>
|
||
<span id="cb159-2"><a></a>vector[<span class="dv">100</span>]</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] NA</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb161"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb161-1"><a></a><span class="co"># 更新数据</span></span>
|
||
<span id="cb161-2"><a></a>vector[<span class="dv">7</span>] <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="st">"New Data"</span></span>
|
||
<span id="cb161-3"><a></a>vector</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] "apple" "banana" "cherry" "date" NA NA "New Data"</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="索引-2" class="slide level2">
|
||
<h2>索引</h2>
|
||
<div class="cell">
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb163"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb163-1"><a></a>(x <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">10</span>)</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code> [1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb165"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb165-1"><a></a>x[x <span class="sc">></span> <span class="dv">6</span>]</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] 7 8 9 10</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb167"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb167-1"><a></a>x[x <span class="sc"><</span> <span class="dv">3</span>] <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="dv">99</span></span>
|
||
<span id="cb167-2"><a></a>x</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code> [1] 99 99 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb169"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb169-1"><a></a><span class="co"># which</span></span>
|
||
<span id="cb169-2"><a></a><span class="fu">which</span>(x <span class="sc">></span> <span class="dv">10</span>)</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] 1 2</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb171"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb171-1"><a></a><span class="fu">which.max</span>(x)</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] 1</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb173"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb173-1"><a></a><span class="fu">which.min</span>(x)</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] 3</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="索引-3" class="slide level2">
|
||
<h2>索引</h2>
|
||
<h3 id="列表-1">列表</h3>
|
||
<div class="cell">
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb175"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb175-1"><a></a><span class="co"># 创建一个列表</span></span>
|
||
<span id="cb175-2"><a></a>my_list <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">list</span>(<span class="at">fruit =</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="st">"apple"</span>, <span class="st">"banana"</span>, <span class="st">"cherry"</span>),</span>
|
||
<span id="cb175-3"><a></a> <span class="at">numbers =</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="dv">2</span>, <span class="dv">3</span>, <span class="dv">4</span>, <span class="dv">5</span>))</span>
|
||
<span id="cb175-4"><a></a></span>
|
||
<span id="cb175-5"><a></a><span class="co"># 访问列表中的第二个元素</span></span>
|
||
<span id="cb175-6"><a></a>my_list[[<span class="dv">2</span>]]</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] 1 2 3 4 5</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="索引-4" class="slide level2">
|
||
<h2>索引</h2>
|
||
<h3 id="数据框">数据框</h3>
|
||
<div class="cell">
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb177"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb177-1"><a></a><span class="co"># 创建一个数据框</span></span>
|
||
<span id="cb177-2"><a></a>df <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">data.frame</span>(<span class="at">fruit =</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="st">"apple"</span>, <span class="st">"banana"</span>, <span class="st">"cherry"</span>),</span>
|
||
<span id="cb177-3"><a></a> <span class="at">quantity =</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="dv">5</span>, <span class="dv">7</span>, <span class="dv">3</span>))</span>
|
||
<span id="cb177-4"><a></a></span>
|
||
<span id="cb177-5"><a></a><span class="co"># 访问数据框中的第一个元素</span></span>
|
||
<span id="cb177-6"><a></a>df[<span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="dv">1</span>]</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] "apple"</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb179"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb179-1"><a></a><span class="co"># 第2-3行</span></span>
|
||
<span id="cb179-2"><a></a>df[<span class="dv">2</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">3</span>, ]</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code> fruit quantity
|
||
2 banana 7
|
||
3 cherry 3</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="日期和时间" class="slide level2">
|
||
<h2>日期和时间</h2>
|
||
<h3 id="base-package"><code>base</code> package</h3>
|
||
<div class="cell">
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb181"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb181-1"><a></a><span class="fu">as.Date</span>(<span class="st">"2024-01-01"</span>)</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] "2024-01-01"</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb183"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb183-1"><a></a><span class="fu">as.POSIXct</span>(<span class="dv">1</span>)</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] "1970-01-01 08:00:01 CST"</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb185"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb185-1"><a></a><span class="fu">as.Date</span>(<span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="st">"12/6/2022"</span>, <span class="st">"1/1/2023"</span>), <span class="at">format=</span><span class="st">"%m/%d/%Y"</span>)</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] "2022-12-06" "2023-01-01"</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="日期和时间-1" class="slide level2">
|
||
<h2>日期和时间</h2>
|
||
<h3 id="lubridate-package"><code>lubridate</code> package</h3>
|
||
<div class="cell">
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb187"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb187-1"><a></a>lubridate<span class="sc">::</span><span class="fu">today</span>()</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] "2025-03-17"</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb189"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb189-1"><a></a><span class="fu">require</span>(lubridate)</span>
|
||
<span id="cb189-2"><a></a><span class="fu">now</span>()</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] "2025-03-17 19:40:31 CST"</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb191"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb191-1"><a></a><span class="fu">ymd</span>(<span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="dv">20200321</span>, <span class="dv">240404</span>, <span class="st">"20181231"</span>))</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] "2020-03-21" "2024-04-04" "2018-12-31"</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb193"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb193-1"><a></a><span class="fu">mdy</span>(<span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="st">"3-10-1998"</span>, <span class="st">"01-17-2018"</span>, <span class="st">"Feb 3, 2024"</span>))</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] "1998-03-10" "2018-01-17" "2024-02-03"</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb195"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb195-1"><a></a><span class="fu">ymd_hms</span>(<span class="st">"1998-03-16 13:15:45"</span>, <span class="at">tz =</span> <span class="st">"Asia/Shanghai"</span>)</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] "1998-03-16 13:15:45 CST"</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="日期和时间-2" class="slide level2">
|
||
<h2>日期和时间</h2>
|
||
<h3 id="lubridate-package-1"><code>lubridate</code> package</h3>
|
||
<div class="cell">
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb197"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb197-1"><a></a><span class="fu">make_date</span>(<span class="dv">2028</span>, <span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="dv">30</span>)</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] "2028-01-30"</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb199"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb199-1"><a></a><span class="fu">as_date</span>(<span class="st">"2000-01-01"</span>)</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] "2000-01-01"</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb201"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb201-1"><a></a><span class="fu">as_datetime</span>(<span class="st">"2000-01-01"</span>, <span class="at">tz =</span> <span class="st">"Asia/Shanghai"</span>)</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] "2000-01-01 CST"</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb203"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb203-1"><a></a><span class="fu">as_datetime</span>(<span class="st">"2024-02-01 8:00:00"</span>, <span class="at">tz =</span> <span class="st">"Asia/Shanghai"</span>)</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] "2024-02-01 08:00:00 CST"</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="日期和时间-3" class="slide level2">
|
||
<h2>日期和时间</h2>
|
||
<h3 id="lubridate-package-2"><code>lubridate</code> package</h3>
|
||
<div class="cell">
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb205"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb205-1"><a></a><span class="fu">year</span>(<span class="fu">today</span>())</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] 2025</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb207"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb207-1"><a></a><span class="fu">wday</span>(<span class="fu">today</span>())</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] 2</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb209"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb209-1"><a></a><span class="fu">hour</span>(<span class="fu">now</span>())</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] 19</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="日期和时间-4" class="slide level2">
|
||
<h2>日期和时间</h2>
|
||
<h3 id="lubridate-package-3"><code>lubridate</code> package</h3>
|
||
<div class="cell">
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb211"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb211-1"><a></a>(x <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">now</span>())</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] "2025-03-17 19:40:31 CST"</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb213"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb213-1"><a></a><span class="fu">floor_date</span>(x, <span class="at">unit =</span> <span class="st">"day"</span>)</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] "2025-03-17 CST"</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb215"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb215-1"><a></a><span class="fu">floor_date</span>(x, <span class="at">unit =</span> <span class="st">"hour"</span>)</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] "2025-03-17 19:00:00 CST"</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb217"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb217-1"><a></a><span class="fu">floor_date</span>(x, <span class="at">unit =</span> <span class="st">"10 minutes"</span>)</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] "2025-03-17 19:40:00 CST"</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb219"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb219-1"><a></a><span class="fu">ceiling_date</span>(x, <span class="at">unit =</span> <span class="st">"10 minutes"</span>)</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] "2025-03-17 19:50:00 CST"</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="因子factor" class="slide level2">
|
||
<h2>因子（factor）</h2>
|
||
<h3 id="factor是什么">Factor是什么？</h3>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>在R中，Factor是用来表示分类数据的特殊数据类型。</li>
|
||
<li>它将数据分成不同的水平(levels)，每个水平代表了一个类别。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="因子factor-1" class="slide level2">
|
||
<h2>因子（factor）</h2>
|
||
<h3 id="创建factor">创建Factor</h3>
|
||
<div class="cell">
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb221"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb221-1"><a></a><span class="co"># 创建一个Factor</span></span>
|
||
<span id="cb221-2"><a></a>gender <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">factor</span>(<span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="st">"Male"</span>, <span class="st">"Female"</span>, <span class="st">"Female"</span>, <span class="st">"Male"</span>))</span>
|
||
<span id="cb221-3"><a></a><span class="co"># 查看Factor的水平</span></span>
|
||
<span id="cb221-4"><a></a><span class="fu">levels</span>(gender)</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] "Female" "Male" </code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb223"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb223-1"><a></a><span class="co"># 改变Factor的水平顺序</span></span>
|
||
<span id="cb223-2"><a></a>gender <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">factor</span>(gender, <span class="at">levels =</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="st">"Female"</span>, <span class="st">"Male"</span>))</span>
|
||
<span id="cb223-3"><a></a><span class="fu">summary</span>(gender) <span class="co"># 使用Factor进行分组</span></span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>Female Male
|
||
2 2 </code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb225"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb225-1"><a></a><span class="fu">as.numeric</span>(gender) <span class="co"># 因子转换为纯粹的整数值</span></span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] 2 1 1 2</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb227"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb227-1"><a></a><span class="fu">as.character</span>(gender) <span class="co"># 转为字符</span></span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] "Male" "Female" "Female" "Male" </code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="因子factor-2" class="slide level2">
|
||
<h2>因子（factor）</h2>
|
||
<h3 id="label-of-factor">Label of Factor</h3>
|
||
<div class="cell">
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb229"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb229-1"><a></a>(x <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">factor</span>(<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">12</span>, <span class="at">label =</span> month.abb))</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code> [1] Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
|
||
Levels: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb231"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb231-1"><a></a><span class="fu">factor</span>(x, <span class="at">levels =</span> month.abb[<span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="dv">2</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">12</span>, <span class="dv">1</span>)])</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code> [1] Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
|
||
Levels: Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<h3 id="分组">分组</h3>
|
||
<div class="cell">
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb233"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb233-1"><a></a><span class="fu">cut</span>(<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">20</span>, <span class="at">breaks=</span><span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="dv">0</span>, <span class="dv">5</span>, <span class="dv">10</span>, <span class="dv">15</span>, <span class="dv">18</span>, <span class="dv">20</span>))</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code> [1] (0,5] (0,5] (0,5] (0,5] (0,5] (5,10] (5,10] (5,10] (5,10]
|
||
[10] (5,10] (10,15] (10,15] (10,15] (10,15] (10,15] (15,18] (15,18] (15,18]
|
||
[19] (18,20] (18,20]
|
||
Levels: (0,5] (5,10] (10,15] (15,18] (18,20]</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="矩阵" class="slide level2">
|
||
<h2>矩阵</h2>
|
||
<div class="cell">
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb235"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb235-1"><a></a><span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">20</span></span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code> [1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb237"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb237-1"><a></a>(A <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">matrix</span>(<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">20</span>, <span class="at">nrow =</span> <span class="dv">4</span>, <span class="at">byrow =</span> <span class="cn">TRUE</span>))</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code> [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5]
|
||
[1,] 1 2 3 4 5
|
||
[2,] 6 7 8 9 10
|
||
[3,] 11 12 13 14 15
|
||
[4,] 16 17 18 19 20</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb239"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb239-1"><a></a>(B <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">matrix</span>(<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">20</span>, <span class="at">nrow =</span> <span class="dv">4</span>, <span class="at">byrow =</span> <span class="cn">FALSE</span>))</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code> [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5]
|
||
[1,] 1 5 9 13 17
|
||
[2,] 2 6 10 14 18
|
||
[3,] 3 7 11 15 19
|
||
[4,] 4 8 12 16 20</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb241"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb241-1"><a></a><span class="fu">nrow</span>(A)</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] 4</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb243"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb243-1"><a></a><span class="fu">ncol</span>(B)</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] 5</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="矩阵-1" class="slide level2">
|
||
<h2>矩阵</h2>
|
||
<h3 id="高维矩阵">高维矩阵</h3>
|
||
<div class="cell">
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb245"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb245-1"><a></a>X <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">array</span>(<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">12</span>, <span class="at">dim =</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="dv">3</span>, <span class="dv">2</span>, <span class="dv">2</span>))</span>
|
||
<span id="cb245-2"><a></a><span class="fu">dim</span>(C)</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>NULL</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb247"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb247-1"><a></a>X[<span class="dv">1</span>, , ]</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code> [,1] [,2]
|
||
[1,] 1 7
|
||
[2,] 4 10</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb249"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb249-1"><a></a>X[<span class="dv">1</span>, , <span class="dv">1</span>]</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] 1 4</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="矩阵-2" class="slide level2">
|
||
<h2>矩阵</h2>
|
||
<h3 id="cbindrbind"><code>cbind</code>、<code>rbind</code></h3>
|
||
<div class="cell">
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb251"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb251-1"><a></a><span class="fu">cbind</span>(X[<span class="dv">1</span>, , ], X[<span class="dv">2</span>, , ], X[<span class="dv">3</span>, , ])</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code> [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6]
|
||
[1,] 1 7 2 8 3 9
|
||
[2,] 4 10 5 11 6 12</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb253"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb253-1"><a></a><span class="fu">rbind</span>(X[<span class="dv">1</span>, , ], X[<span class="dv">2</span>, , ], X[<span class="dv">3</span>, , ])</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code> [,1] [,2]
|
||
[1,] 1 7
|
||
[2,] 4 10
|
||
[3,] 2 8
|
||
[4,] 5 11
|
||
[5,] 3 9
|
||
[6,] 6 12</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb255"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb255-1"><a></a><span class="fu">cbind</span>(<span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="dv">1</span>,<span class="dv">2</span>), <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="dv">3</span>,<span class="dv">4</span>), <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="dv">5</span>,<span class="dv">6</span>))</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code> [,1] [,2] [,3]
|
||
[1,] 1 3 5
|
||
[2,] 2 4 6</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="数据框data-frame" class="slide level2">
|
||
<h2>数据框（data frame）</h2>
|
||
<p><strong>最主要的数据形式。</strong></p>
|
||
<div class="cell">
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb257"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb257-1"><a></a><span class="co"># 创建数据框</span></span>
|
||
<span id="cb257-2"><a></a>(df <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">data.frame</span>(</span>
|
||
<span id="cb257-3"><a></a> <span class="at">Name =</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="st">"Alice"</span>, <span class="st">"Bob"</span>, <span class="st">"Charlie"</span>),</span>
|
||
<span id="cb257-4"><a></a> <span class="at">Age =</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="dv">25</span>, <span class="dv">30</span>, <span class="dv">35</span>),</span>
|
||
<span id="cb257-5"><a></a> <span class="at">Married =</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="cn">TRUE</span>, <span class="cn">FALSE</span>, <span class="cn">TRUE</span>)</span>
|
||
<span id="cb257-6"><a></a>))</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code> Name Age Married
|
||
1 Alice 25 TRUE
|
||
2 Bob 30 FALSE
|
||
3 Charlie 35 TRUE</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb259"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb259-1"><a></a><span class="fu">names</span>(df)</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] "Name" "Age" "Married"</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb261"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb261-1"><a></a><span class="fu">colnames</span>(df)</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] "Name" "Age" "Married"</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb263"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb263-1"><a></a><span class="fu">ncol</span>(df); <span class="fu">nrow</span>(df)</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] 3</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] 3</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="数据框data-frame-1" class="slide level2">
|
||
<h2>数据框（data frame）</h2>
|
||
<div class="cell">
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb266"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb266-1"><a></a>df[<span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="dv">1</span>]</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] "Alice"</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb268"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb268-1"><a></a>df[<span class="dv">2</span>, ]</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code> Name Age Married
|
||
2 Bob 30 FALSE</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb270"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb270-1"><a></a>df[, <span class="dv">1</span>]</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] "Alice" "Bob" "Charlie"</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb272"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb272-1"><a></a>df<span class="sc">$</span>Age</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] 25 30 35</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb274"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb274-1"><a></a>df[[<span class="st">"Age"</span>]]</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] 25 30 35</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb276"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb276-1"><a></a>df[, <span class="st">"Age"</span>]</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] 25 30 35</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="数据框data-frame-2" class="slide level2">
|
||
<h2>数据框（data frame）</h2>
|
||
<div class="cell">
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb278"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb278-1"><a></a>X <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">matrix</span>(<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">9</span>, <span class="at">nrow =</span> <span class="dv">3</span>)</span>
|
||
<span id="cb278-2"><a></a><span class="fu">class</span>(X)</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] "matrix" "array" </code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb280"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb280-1"><a></a>(Y <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">as.data.frame</span>(X))</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code> V1 V2 V3
|
||
1 1 4 7
|
||
2 2 5 8
|
||
3 3 6 9</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb282"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb282-1"><a></a><span class="fu">names</span>(Y)</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
|
||
<pre><code>[1] "V1" "V2" "V3"</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb284"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb284-1"><a></a><span class="fu">names</span>(Y) <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="st">"colA"</span>, <span class="st">"colB"</span>, <span class="st">"colC"</span>)</span></code><button title="复制到剪贴板" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="欢迎讨论" class="slide level2 center">
|
||
<h2>欢迎讨论！</h2>
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'menu': {"side":"left","useTextContentForMissingTitles":true,"markers":false,"loadIcons":false,"custom":[{"title":"Tools","icon":"<i class=\"fas fa-gear\"></i>","content":"<ul class=\"slide-menu-items\">\n<li class=\"slide-tool-item active\" data-item=\"0\"><a href=\"#\" onclick=\"RevealMenuToolHandlers.fullscreen(event)\"><kbd>f</kbd> Fullscreen</a></li>\n<li class=\"slide-tool-item\" data-item=\"1\"><a href=\"#\" onclick=\"RevealMenuToolHandlers.speakerMode(event)\"><kbd>s</kbd> Speaker View</a></li>\n<li class=\"slide-tool-item\" data-item=\"2\"><a href=\"#\" onclick=\"RevealMenuToolHandlers.overview(event)\"><kbd>o</kbd> Slide Overview</a></li>\n<li class=\"slide-tool-item\" data-item=\"3\"><a href=\"#\" onclick=\"RevealMenuToolHandlers.togglePdfExport(event)\"><kbd>e</kbd> PDF Export Mode</a></li>\n<li class=\"slide-tool-item\" data-item=\"4\"><a href=\"#\" onclick=\"RevealMenuToolHandlers.toggleScrollView(event)\"><kbd>r</kbd> Scroll View Mode</a></li>\n<li class=\"slide-tool-item\" data-item=\"5\"><a href=\"#\" onclick=\"RevealMenuToolHandlers.toggleChalkboard(event)\"><kbd>b</kbd> Toggle Chalkboard</a></li>\n<li class=\"slide-tool-item\" data-item=\"6\"><a href=\"#\" onclick=\"RevealMenuToolHandlers.toggleNotesCanvas(event)\"><kbd>c</kbd> Toggle Notes Canvas</a></li>\n<li class=\"slide-tool-item\" data-item=\"7\"><a href=\"#\" onclick=\"RevealMenuToolHandlers.downloadDrawings(event)\"><kbd>d</kbd> Download Drawings</a></li>\n<li class=\"slide-tool-item\" data-item=\"8\"><a href=\"#\" onclick=\"RevealMenuToolHandlers.keyboardHelp(event)\"><kbd>?</kbd> Keyboard Help</a></li>\n</ul>"}],"openButton":true},
|
||
'chalkboard': {"buttons":true},
|
||
'pointer': {"key":"p","color":"#32cd32","pointerSize":18,"alwaysVisible":false},
|
||
'smaller': false,
|
||
|
||
// Display controls in the bottom right corner
|
||
controls: false,
|
||
|
||
// Help the user learn the controls by providing hints, for example by
|
||
// bouncing the down arrow when they first encounter a vertical slide
|
||
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|
||
|
||
// Determines where controls appear, "edges" or "bottom-right"
|
||
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|
||
|
||
// Visibility rule for backwards navigation arrows; "faded", "hidden"
|
||
// or "visible"
|
||
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|
||
|
||
// Display a presentation progress bar
|
||
progress: true,
|
||
|
||
// Display the page number of the current slide
|
||
slideNumber: 'c/t',
|
||
|
||
// 'all', 'print', or 'speaker'
|
||
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|
||
|
||
// Add the current slide number to the URL hash so that reloading the
|
||
// page/copying the URL will return you to the same slide
|
||
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|
||
|
||
// Start with 1 for the hash rather than 0
|
||
hashOneBasedIndex: false,
|
||
|
||
// Flags if we should monitor the hash and change slides accordingly
|
||
respondToHashChanges: true,
|
||
|
||
// Push each slide change to the browser history
|
||
history: true,
|
||
|
||
// Enable keyboard shortcuts for navigation
|
||
keyboard: true,
|
||
|
||
// Enable the slide overview mode
|
||
overview: true,
|
||
|
||
// Disables the default reveal.js slide layout (scaling and centering)
|
||
// so that you can use custom CSS layout
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||
disableLayout: false,
|
||
|
||
// Vertical centering of slides
|
||
center: false,
|
||
|
||
// Enables touch navigation on devices with touch input
|
||
touch: true,
|
||
|
||
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|
||
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||
|
||
// Change the presentation direction to be RTL
|
||
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|
||
|
||
// see https://revealjs.com/vertical-slides/#navigation-mode
|
||
navigationMode: 'linear',
|
||
|
||
// Randomizes the order of slides each time the presentation loads
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||
shuffle: false,
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||
|
||
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|
||
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|
||
|
||
// Flags whether to include the current fragment in the URL,
|
||
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|
||
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|
||
|
||
// Flags if the presentation is running in an embedded mode,
|
||
// i.e. contained within a limited portion of the screen
|
||
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|
||
|
||
// Flags if we should show a help overlay when the questionmark
|
||
// key is pressed
|
||
help: true,
|
||
|
||
// Flags if it should be possible to pause the presentation (blackout)
|
||
pause: true,
|
||
|
||
// Flags if speaker notes should be visible to all viewers
|
||
showNotes: false,
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||
|
||
// Global override for autoplaying embedded media (null/true/false)
|
||
autoPlayMedia: null,
|
||
|
||
// Global override for preloading lazy-loaded iframes (null/true/false)
|
||
preloadIframes: null,
|
||
|
||
// Number of milliseconds between automatically proceeding to the
|
||
// next slide, disabled when set to 0, this value can be overwritten
|
||
// by using a data-autoslide attribute on your slides
|
||
autoSlide: 0,
|
||
|
||
// Stop auto-sliding after user input
|
||
autoSlideStoppable: true,
|
||
|
||
// Use this method for navigation when auto-sliding
|
||
autoSlideMethod: null,
|
||
|
||
// Specify the average time in seconds that you think you will spend
|
||
// presenting each slide. This is used to show a pacing timer in the
|
||
// speaker view
|
||
defaultTiming: null,
|
||
|
||
// Enable slide navigation via mouse wheel
|
||
mouseWheel: false,
|
||
|
||
// The display mode that will be used to show slides
|
||
display: 'block',
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||
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||
// Hide cursor if inactive
|
||
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|
||
|
||
// Time before the cursor is hidden (in ms)
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||
hideCursorTime: 5000,
|
||
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||
// Opens links in an iframe preview overlay
|
||
previewLinks: false,
|
||
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||
// Transition style (none/fade/slide/convex/concave/zoom)
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||
transition: 'none',
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||
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||
// Transition speed (default/fast/slow)
|
||
transitionSpeed: 'default',
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||
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||
// Transition style for full page slide backgrounds
|
||
// (none/fade/slide/convex/concave/zoom)
|
||
backgroundTransition: 'none',
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||
|
||
// Number of slides away from the current that are visible
|
||
viewDistance: 3,
|
||
|
||
// Number of slides away from the current that are visible on mobile
|
||
// devices. It is advisable to set this to a lower number than
|
||
// viewDistance in order to save resources.
|
||
mobileViewDistance: 2,
|
||
|
||
// The "normal" size of the presentation, aspect ratio will be preserved
|
||
// when the presentation is scaled to fit different resolutions. Can be
|
||
// specified using percentage units.
|
||
width: 1050,
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||
|
||
height: 700,
|
||
|
||
// Factor of the display size that should remain empty around the content
|
||
margin: 0.1,
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||
|
||
math: {
|
||
mathjax: 'https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.9/MathJax.js',
|
||
config: 'TeX-AMS_HTML-full',
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||
tex2jax: {
|
||
inlineMath: [['\\(','\\)']],
|
||
displayMath: [['\\[','\\]']],
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||
balanceBraces: true,
|
||
processEscapes: false,
|
||
processRefs: true,
|
||
processEnvironments: true,
|
||
preview: 'TeX',
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||
skipTags: ['script','noscript','style','textarea','pre','code'],
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||
ignoreClass: 'tex2jax_ignore',
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||
processClass: 'tex2jax_process'
|
||
},
|
||
},
|
||
|
||
// reveal.js plugins
|
||
plugins: [QuartoLineHighlight, PdfExport, RevealMenu, RevealChalkboard, RevealPointer, QuartoSupport,
|
||
|
||
RevealMath,
|
||
RevealNotes,
|
||
RevealSearch,
|
||
RevealZoom
|
||
]
|
||
});
|
||
</script>
|
||
|
||
<script>
|
||
// htmlwidgets need to know to resize themselves when slides are shown/hidden.
|
||
// Fire the "slideenter" event (handled by htmlwidgets.js) when the current
|
||
// slide changes (different for each slide format).
|
||
(function () {
|
||
// dispatch for htmlwidgets
|
||
function fireSlideEnter() {
|
||
const event = window.document.createEvent("Event");
|
||
event.initEvent("slideenter", true, true);
|
||
window.document.dispatchEvent(event);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function fireSlideChanged(previousSlide, currentSlide) {
|
||
fireSlideEnter();
|
||
|
||
// dispatch for shiny
|
||
if (window.jQuery) {
|
||
if (previousSlide) {
|
||
window.jQuery(previousSlide).trigger("hidden");
|
||
}
|
||
if (currentSlide) {
|
||
window.jQuery(currentSlide).trigger("shown");
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
// hookup for slidy
|
||
if (window.w3c_slidy) {
|
||
window.w3c_slidy.add_observer(function (slide_num) {
|
||
// slide_num starts at position 1
|
||
fireSlideChanged(null, w3c_slidy.slides[slide_num - 1]);
|
||
});
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
})();
|
||
</script>
|
||
|
||
<script id="quarto-html-after-body" type="application/javascript">
|
||
window.document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", function (event) {
|
||
const toggleBodyColorMode = (bsSheetEl) => {
|
||
const mode = bsSheetEl.getAttribute("data-mode");
|
||
const bodyEl = window.document.querySelector("body");
|
||
if (mode === "dark") {
|
||
bodyEl.classList.add("quarto-dark");
|
||
bodyEl.classList.remove("quarto-light");
|
||
} else {
|
||
bodyEl.classList.add("quarto-light");
|
||
bodyEl.classList.remove("quarto-dark");
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
const toggleBodyColorPrimary = () => {
|
||
const bsSheetEl = window.document.querySelector("link#quarto-bootstrap");
|
||
if (bsSheetEl) {
|
||
toggleBodyColorMode(bsSheetEl);
|
||
}
|
||
}
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||
toggleBodyColorPrimary();
|
||
const tabsets = window.document.querySelectorAll(".panel-tabset-tabby")
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||
tabsets.forEach(function(tabset) {
|
||
const tabby = new Tabby('#' + tabset.id);
|
||
});
|
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const isCodeAnnotation = (el) => {
|
||
for (const clz of el.classList) {
|
||
if (clz.startsWith('code-annotation-')) {
|
||
return true;
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
return false;
|
||
}
|
||
const onCopySuccess = function(e) {
|
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// button target
|
||
const button = e.trigger;
|
||
// don't keep focus
|
||
button.blur();
|
||
// flash "checked"
|
||
button.classList.add('code-copy-button-checked');
|
||
var currentTitle = button.getAttribute("title");
|
||
button.setAttribute("title", "已复制");
|
||
let tooltip;
|
||
if (window.bootstrap) {
|
||
button.setAttribute("data-bs-toggle", "tooltip");
|
||
button.setAttribute("data-bs-placement", "left");
|
||
button.setAttribute("data-bs-title", "已复制");
|
||
tooltip = new bootstrap.Tooltip(button,
|
||
{ trigger: "manual",
|
||
customClass: "code-copy-button-tooltip",
|
||
offset: [0, -8]});
|
||
tooltip.show();
|
||
}
|
||
setTimeout(function() {
|
||
if (tooltip) {
|
||
tooltip.hide();
|
||
button.removeAttribute("data-bs-title");
|
||
button.removeAttribute("data-bs-toggle");
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||
button.removeAttribute("data-bs-placement");
|
||
}
|
||
button.setAttribute("title", currentTitle);
|
||
button.classList.remove('code-copy-button-checked');
|
||
}, 1000);
|
||
// clear code selection
|
||
e.clearSelection();
|
||
}
|
||
const getTextToCopy = function(trigger) {
|
||
const codeEl = trigger.previousElementSibling.cloneNode(true);
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||
for (const childEl of codeEl.children) {
|
||
if (isCodeAnnotation(childEl)) {
|
||
childEl.remove();
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
return codeEl.innerText;
|
||
}
|
||
const clipboard = new window.ClipboardJS('.code-copy-button:not([data-in-quarto-modal])', {
|
||
text: getTextToCopy
|
||
});
|
||
clipboard.on('success', onCopySuccess);
|
||
if (window.document.getElementById('quarto-embedded-source-code-modal')) {
|
||
const clipboardModal = new window.ClipboardJS('.code-copy-button[data-in-quarto-modal]', {
|
||
text: getTextToCopy,
|
||
container: window.document.getElementById('quarto-embedded-source-code-modal')
|
||
});
|
||
clipboardModal.on('success', onCopySuccess);
|
||
}
|
||
var localhostRegex = new RegExp(/^(?:http|https):\/\/localhost\:?[0-9]*\//);
|
||
var mailtoRegex = new RegExp(/^mailto:/);
|
||
var filterRegex = new RegExp("https:\/\/drc\.drwater\.net\/course\/public\/RWEP\/PUB");
|
||
var isInternal = (href) => {
|
||
return filterRegex.test(href) || localhostRegex.test(href) || mailtoRegex.test(href);
|
||
}
|
||
// Inspect non-navigation links and adorn them if external
|
||
var links = window.document.querySelectorAll('a[href]:not(.nav-link):not(.navbar-brand):not(.toc-action):not(.sidebar-link):not(.sidebar-item-toggle):not(.pagination-link):not(.no-external):not([aria-hidden]):not(.dropdown-item):not(.quarto-navigation-tool):not(.about-link)');
|
||
for (var i=0; i<links.length; i++) {
|
||
const link = links[i];
|
||
if (!isInternal(link.href)) {
|
||
// undo the damage that might have been done by quarto-nav.js in the case of
|
||
// links that we want to consider external
|
||
if (link.dataset.originalHref !== undefined) {
|
||
link.href = link.dataset.originalHref;
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
function tippyHover(el, contentFn, onTriggerFn, onUntriggerFn) {
|
||
const config = {
|
||
allowHTML: true,
|
||
maxWidth: 500,
|
||
delay: 100,
|
||
arrow: false,
|
||
appendTo: function(el) {
|
||
return el.closest('section.slide') || el.parentElement;
|
||
},
|
||
interactive: true,
|
||
interactiveBorder: 10,
|
||
theme: 'light-border',
|
||
placement: 'bottom-start',
|
||
};
|
||
if (contentFn) {
|
||
config.content = contentFn;
|
||
}
|
||
if (onTriggerFn) {
|
||
config.onTrigger = onTriggerFn;
|
||
}
|
||
if (onUntriggerFn) {
|
||
config.onUntrigger = onUntriggerFn;
|
||
}
|
||
config['offset'] = [0,0];
|
||
config['maxWidth'] = 700;
|
||
window.tippy(el, config);
|
||
}
|
||
const noterefs = window.document.querySelectorAll('a[role="doc-noteref"]');
|
||
for (var i=0; i<noterefs.length; i++) {
|
||
const ref = noterefs[i];
|
||
tippyHover(ref, function() {
|
||
// use id or data attribute instead here
|
||
let href = ref.getAttribute('data-footnote-href') || ref.getAttribute('href');
|
||
try { href = new URL(href).hash; } catch {}
|
||
const id = href.replace(/^#\/?/, "");
|
||
const note = window.document.getElementById(id);
|
||
if (note) {
|
||
return note.innerHTML;
|
||
} else {
|
||
return "";
|
||
}
|
||
});
|
||
}
|
||
const findCites = (el) => {
|
||
const parentEl = el.parentElement;
|
||
if (parentEl) {
|
||
const cites = parentEl.dataset.cites;
|
||
if (cites) {
|
||
return {
|
||
el,
|
||
cites: cites.split(' ')
|
||
};
|
||
} else {
|
||
return findCites(el.parentElement)
|
||
}
|
||
} else {
|
||
return undefined;
|
||
}
|
||
};
|
||
var bibliorefs = window.document.querySelectorAll('a[role="doc-biblioref"]');
|
||
for (var i=0; i<bibliorefs.length; i++) {
|
||
const ref = bibliorefs[i];
|
||
const citeInfo = findCites(ref);
|
||
if (citeInfo) {
|
||
tippyHover(citeInfo.el, function() {
|
||
var popup = window.document.createElement('div');
|
||
citeInfo.cites.forEach(function(cite) {
|
||
var citeDiv = window.document.createElement('div');
|
||
citeDiv.classList.add('hanging-indent');
|
||
citeDiv.classList.add('csl-entry');
|
||
var biblioDiv = window.document.getElementById('ref-' + cite);
|
||
if (biblioDiv) {
|
||
citeDiv.innerHTML = biblioDiv.innerHTML;
|
||
}
|
||
popup.appendChild(citeDiv);
|
||
});
|
||
return popup.innerHTML;
|
||
});
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
});
|
||
</script>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</body></html> |