796 lines
12 KiB
Plaintext
796 lines
12 KiB
Plaintext
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---
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title: "二、R语言语法基础"
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subtitle: 《区域水环境污染数据分析实践》<br>Data analysis practice of regional water environment pollution
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author: 苏命、王为东<br>中国科学院大学资源与环境学院<br>中国科学院生态环境研究中心
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date: today
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lang: zh
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format:
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revealjs:
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theme: dark
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slide-number: true
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chalkboard:
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buttons: true
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preview-links: auto
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lang: zh
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toc: true
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toc-depth: 1
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toc-title: 大纲
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logo: ./_extensions/inst/img/ucaslogo.png
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css: ./_extensions/inst/css/revealjs.css
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pointer:
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key: "p"
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color: "#32cd32"
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pointerSize: 18
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revealjs-plugins:
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- pointer
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filters:
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- d2
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---
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```{r}
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#| include: false
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#| cache: false
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lang <- "cn"
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require(tidyverse)
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require(learnr)
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knitr::opts_chunk$set(echo = TRUE)
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```
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## 数据类型
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### 数值型
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R中的数值型数据可以是整数或浮点数。
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```{r}
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#| echo: true
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(x <- 10)
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(y <- 1.23e-2)
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(z <- pi)
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```
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## 数据类型
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### 字符串
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- R 中的字符串用引号括起来,建议用**双引号**。
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- 中文编码主要有GBK编码和UTF-8编码, 可能遇到编码错误造成乱码。RStudio软件默认采用UTF-8编码,在R程序运行时字符串一般用UTF-8编码保存。
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```{r}
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#| echo: true
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(str <- "Hello, World!")
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(str <- 'Hello, World!')
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(str <- 'He was very angry, and shouted: "Stop!"')
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```
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## 数据类型
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### 逻辑
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```{r}
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c(TRUE, FALSE)
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```
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## 特殊值
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::: columns
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::: {.column width="45%"}
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- `NA`: 这是最常见的NA类型,表示缺失值
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- `NA_integer_`: 这是NA的整数类型
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- `NA_real_`: 这是NA的实数类型
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- `NA_character_`: 这是NA的字符类型
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- `NA_complex_`: 这是NA的复数类型
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:::
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::: {.column width="5%"}
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:::
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::: {.column width="45%"}
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```{r}
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#| echo: true
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pi
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NA
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NA_character_
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Inf
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```
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:::
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:::
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## 特殊值
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在 R 中,`Inf` 代表正无穷大(positive infinity),而 `-Inf` 则代表负无穷大(negative infinity)。这些值通常出现在数学计算中,例如除以零或对负数取对数等操作可能会导致无穷大的结果。
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```{r}
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#| echo: true
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# 正无穷大
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(x <- Inf)
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# 负无穷大
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(y <- -Inf)
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# 无穷大的运算
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(a <- 5 / 0)
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(b <- log(0))
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```
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## 变量赋值
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在 R 中,可以使用 `<-` 或 `=` 运算符将值赋给变量,**建议用`<-`**。
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```{r}
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#| echo: true
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# 使用 `<-` 运算符
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(x <- 10)
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(y <- "hello")
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# 使用 `=` 运算符
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(z = c(1, 2, 3))
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```
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## 变量赋值
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```{r}
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# 向量赋值
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(vec <- c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5))
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# 矩阵赋值
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(mat <- matrix(1:9, nrow = 3))
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```
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## 变量赋值
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### 数据框赋值
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```{r}
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#| echo: true
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(df <- data.frame(
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Name = c("Alice", "Bob", "Charlie"),
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Age = c(25, 30, 35),
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Married = c(TRUE, FALSE, TRUE)
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))
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```
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## 变量赋值
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### 列表赋值
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```{r}
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(lst <- list(
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numbers = c(1, 2, 3),
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strings = c("a", "b", "c"),
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matrix = matrix(1:9, nrow = 3)
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))
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```
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## 数学函数
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```{r}
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#| echo: true
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round(pi, digits = 3)
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log(10)
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```
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1. `abs(x)`: 返回 `x` 的绝对值
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2. `sqrt(x)`: 返回 `x` 的平方根
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3. `exp(x)`: 以e为底的指数函数值
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4. `log(x, base)`: 以指定底数的对数函数的值,默认底数为e
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5. `log10(x)`: 10为底的对数值
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6. `log2(x)`: 2为底的对数值
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7. `floor(x)`: 不大于`x`的最大整数
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8. `ceiling(x)`: 不小于`x`的最小整数
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## 数学函数
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9. `sin(x)`, `cos(x)`, `tan(x)`: 返回 `x` 的正弦、余弦和正切值,其中 `x` 为弧度
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10. `asin(x)`, `acos(x)`, `atan(x)`: `x` 的反正弦、反余弦和反正切值,返回弧度
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11. `sinh(x)`, `cosh(x)`, `tanh(x)`: 返回 `x` 的双曲正弦、双曲余弦和双曲正切值
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12. `asinh(x)`, `acosh(x)`, `atanh(x)`: 反双曲正弦、反双曲余弦和反双曲正切值
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13. `round(x, digits)`: `x` 四舍五入,`digits`指定小数点后位数
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14. `trunc(x)`: 返回`x`截断值,即去掉小数部分
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15. `sign(x)`: 返回符号
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## 统计函数
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```{r}
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#| echo: true
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x <- c(5, 10, 15, 20, 25)
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# 计算向量的平均值
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mean(x)
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# 计算向量的中位数
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median(x)
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# 计算向量的最小值
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min(x)
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# 计算向量的最大值
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max(x)
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# 计算向量的总和
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sum(x)
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```
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## 统计函数
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```{r}
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#| echo: true
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# 计算向量的标准差
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sd(x)
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# 计算向量的方差
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var(x)
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# 计算向量的分位数
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quantile(x, probs = c(0.25, 0.5, 0.75))
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# 统计向量的频数
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(frequency <- table(x))
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```
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## 统计函数
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### 执行两样本或单样本 t 检验
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```{r}
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#| echo: true
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y <- c(3, 8, 13, 18, 23)
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t.test(x, y)
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```
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## 统计函数
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### Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney检验
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```{r}
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#| echo: true
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wilcox.test(x, y)
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```
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## 统计函数
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### 创建向量的直方图
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```{r}
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#| fig-width: 5
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#| fig-height: 3
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hist(x)
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```
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## 函数调用-练习
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### 题目:设有一组数据集合 x 包含了一些整数,请编写R语言代码计算并输出以下指标:
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- 平均值(mean)
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- 中位数(median)
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- 最大值(maximum)
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- 最小值(minimum)
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- 数据集合中所有元素的和(sum)
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- 数据集合的标准差(standard deviation)
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- 数据集合 x 为:x <- c(10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100)
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**要求:使用R语言编写函数,输入参数为数据集合 x,输出为以上指标的值。**
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## 控制流程
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### if-else 语句
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```{r}
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#| echo: true
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x <- 10
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if (x > 10) {
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print("x 大于 10")
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} else {
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print("x 不大于 10")
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}
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```
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## 控制流程
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### for 循环
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```{r}
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#| echo: true
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for (i in 1:5) {
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print(i)
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}
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```
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## 自定义函数
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### 定义函数
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使用 `function` 关键字定义函数,并使用 `return` 关键字返回结果。
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```{r}
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#| echo: true
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my_function <- function(x, y) {
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return(x + y)
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}
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```
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### 调用函数
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```{r}
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#| echo: true
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result <- my_function(3, 4)
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print(result)
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```
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## 数据结构
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### 向量
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向量是一维数组,可以包含相同类型的元素。
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```{r}
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#| echo: true
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(v <- c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5))
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```
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### 列表
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列表可以包含不同类型的元素。
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```{r}
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#| echo: true
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(l <- list(a = 1, b = "hello", c = TRUE))
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```
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## 数值型向量
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### 什么是数值型向量?
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- 在 R 中,向量是一种基本的数据结构。
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- 数值型向量包含相同类型的数值元素。
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### 创建数值型向量
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```{r}
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#| echo: true
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# 使用 c() 函数创建数值型向量
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(numeric_vector <- c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5))
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```
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## 数值型向量
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### 向量运算
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```{r}
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#| echo: true
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# 创建两个数值型向量
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(vector1 <- c(1, 2, 3))
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(vector2 <- c(4, 5, 6))
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# 执行向量加法
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(result <- vector1 + vector2)
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# 执行向量乘法
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(result <- vector1 * vector2)
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```
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## 向量运算
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### 向量求和
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```{r}
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#| echo: true
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# 创建数值型向量
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vector <- c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
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# 求和
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(sum_result <- sum(vector))
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```
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## 向量运算
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### 向量平均值
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```{r}
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#| echo: true
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# 创建数值型向量
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vector <- c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
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# 平均值
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(mean_result <- mean(vector))
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```
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## 运算-数值运算
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- a 的平方。
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- b 的立方。
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- a 除以 b 的商和余数。
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**要求:使用R语言编写函数,输入参数为 a 和 b,输出为上述结果。**
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## 运算-逻辑运算
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```{r}
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all(c(FALSE, 2, 1:3, 3) > 1)
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any(c(FALSE, 2, 1:3, 3) > 1)
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(flag1 <- FALSE)
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(flag2 <- (3 > 2))
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(flag3 <- TRUE * TRUE)
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(flag4 <- TRUE * FALSE)
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(flag5 <- TRUE & FALSE)
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(flag6 <- TRUE | FALSE)
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```
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## 运算-逻辑运算
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|||
|
- `which`
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```{r}
|
|||
|
which(c(FALSE, TRUE, TRUE, FALSE, NA))
|
|||
|
which((11:15) > 12)
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
- `identical`
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```{r}
|
|||
|
identical(c(1,2,3), c(1,2,NA))
|
|||
|
identical(c(1L,2L,3L), c(1,2,3))
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
## 运算-字符型
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
- 特殊字符
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```{r}
|
|||
|
c("abc", "", 'a cat', NA, '李明', "\n")
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
- `paste`
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```{r}
|
|||
|
(users <- paste("ruser", 1:9))
|
|||
|
paste(users, collapse = ", ")
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
## 运算-字符型
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
- 大小写
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```{r}
|
|||
|
letters[1:5]
|
|||
|
toupper(letters[6:9])
|
|||
|
tolower(month.abb)
|
|||
|
stringr::str_to_title(c("monday", "tuesday"))
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
## 运算-字符型
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
- 字符串截取
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```{r}
|
|||
|
substr("Monday", 1, 3)
|
|||
|
stringr::str_sub("Monday", 1, 3)
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
## 运算-字符型
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
- 类型转换
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```{r}
|
|||
|
100
|
|||
|
as.character(100)
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
as.numeric(c("0100", "0101"))
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
sprintf('renamedfile%03d.png', c(3, 99, 100))
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
## 运算-字符型
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
- 字符串替换
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```{r}
|
|||
|
(mystr <- "He was wrong!")
|
|||
|
gsub("wrong", "right", mystr)
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
## 索引
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
### 向量
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```{r}
|
|||
|
# 创建一个向量
|
|||
|
vector <- c("apple", "banana", "cherry", "date")
|
|||
|
# 访问第三个元素
|
|||
|
vector[3]
|
|||
|
# 访问多个元素
|
|||
|
vector[c(2, 4)]
|
|||
|
vector[c(2:4)]
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
## 索引
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
### 向量
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```{r}
|
|||
|
# 除了第2个元素
|
|||
|
vector[-2]
|
|||
|
# 超界
|
|||
|
vector[100]
|
|||
|
# 更新数据
|
|||
|
vector[7] <- "New Data"
|
|||
|
vector
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
## 索引
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```{r}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
(x <- 1:10)
|
|||
|
x[x > 6]
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
x[x < 3] <- 99
|
|||
|
x
|
|||
|
# which
|
|||
|
which(x > 10)
|
|||
|
which.max(x)
|
|||
|
which.min(x)
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
## 索引
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
### 列表
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```{r}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
# 创建一个列表
|
|||
|
my_list <- list(fruit = c("apple", "banana", "cherry"),
|
|||
|
numbers = c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5))
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
# 访问列表中的第二个元素
|
|||
|
my_list[[2]]
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
## 索引
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
### 数据框
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```{r}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
# 创建一个数据框
|
|||
|
df <- data.frame(fruit = c("apple", "banana", "cherry"),
|
|||
|
quantity = c(5, 7, 3))
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
# 访问数据框中的第一个元素
|
|||
|
df[1, 1]
|
|||
|
# 第2-3行
|
|||
|
df[2:3, ]
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
## 日期和时间
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
### `base` package
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```{r}
|
|||
|
as.Date("2024-01-01")
|
|||
|
as.POSIXct(1)
|
|||
|
as.Date(c("12/6/2022", "1/1/2023"), format="%m/%d/%Y")
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
## 日期和时间
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
### `lubridate` package
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```{r}
|
|||
|
lubridate::today()
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
require(lubridate)
|
|||
|
now()
|
|||
|
ymd(c(20200321, 240404, "20181231"))
|
|||
|
mdy(c("3-10-1998", "01-17-2018", "Feb 3, 2024"))
|
|||
|
ymd_hms("1998-03-16 13:15:45", tz = "Asia/Shanghai")
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
## 日期和时间
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
### `lubridate` package
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```{r}
|
|||
|
make_date(2028, 1, 30)
|
|||
|
as_date("2000-01-01")
|
|||
|
as_datetime("2000-01-01", tz = "Asia/Shanghai")
|
|||
|
as_datetime("2024-02-01 8:00:00", tz = "Asia/Shanghai")
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
## 日期和时间
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
### `lubridate` package
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```{r}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
year(today())
|
|||
|
wday(today())
|
|||
|
hour(now())
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
## 日期和时间
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
### `lubridate` package
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```{r}
|
|||
|
(x <- now())
|
|||
|
floor_date(x, unit = "day")
|
|||
|
floor_date(x, unit = "hour")
|
|||
|
floor_date(x, unit = "10 minutes")
|
|||
|
ceiling_date(x, unit = "10 minutes")
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
## 因子(factor)
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
### Factor是什么?
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
- 在R中,Factor是用来表示分类数据的特殊数据类型。
|
|||
|
- 它将数据分成不同的水平(levels),每个水平代表了一个类别。
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
## 因子(factor)
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
### 创建Factor
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```{r}
|
|||
|
# 创建一个Factor
|
|||
|
gender <- factor(c("Male", "Female", "Female", "Male"))
|
|||
|
# 查看Factor的水平
|
|||
|
levels(gender)
|
|||
|
# 改变Factor的水平顺序
|
|||
|
gender <- factor(gender, levels = c("Female", "Male"))
|
|||
|
summary(gender) # 使用Factor进行分组
|
|||
|
as.numeric(gender) # 因子转换为纯粹的整数值
|
|||
|
as.character(gender) # 转为字符
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
## 因子(factor)
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
### Label of Factor
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```{r}
|
|||
|
(x <- factor(1:12, label = month.abb))
|
|||
|
factor(x, levels = month.abb[c(2:12, 1)])
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
### 分组
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```{r}
|
|||
|
cut(1:20, breaks=c(0, 5, 10, 15, 18, 20))
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
## 矩阵
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```{r}
|
|||
|
1:20
|
|||
|
(A <- matrix(1:20, nrow = 4, byrow = TRUE))
|
|||
|
(B <- matrix(1:20, nrow = 4, byrow = FALSE))
|
|||
|
nrow(A)
|
|||
|
ncol(B)
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
## 矩阵
|
|||
|
### 高维矩阵
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```{r}
|
|||
|
X <- array(1:12, dim = c(3, 2, 2))
|
|||
|
dim(C)
|
|||
|
X[1, , ]
|
|||
|
X[1, , 1]
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
## 矩阵
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
### `cbind`、`rbind`
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```{r}
|
|||
|
cbind(X[1, , ], X[2, , ], X[3, , ])
|
|||
|
rbind(X[1, , ], X[2, , ], X[3, , ])
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
cbind(c(1,2), c(3,4), c(5,6))
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
## 数据框(data frame)
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
**最主要的数据形式。**
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```{r}
|
|||
|
# 创建数据框
|
|||
|
(df <- data.frame(
|
|||
|
Name = c("Alice", "Bob", "Charlie"),
|
|||
|
Age = c(25, 30, 35),
|
|||
|
Married = c(TRUE, FALSE, TRUE)
|
|||
|
))
|
|||
|
names(df)
|
|||
|
colnames(df)
|
|||
|
ncol(df); nrow(df)
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
## 数据框(data frame)
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```{r}
|
|||
|
df[1, 1]
|
|||
|
df[2, ]
|
|||
|
df[, 1]
|
|||
|
df$Age
|
|||
|
df[["Age"]]
|
|||
|
df[, "Age"]
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
## 数据框(data frame)
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```{r}
|
|||
|
X <- matrix(1:9, nrow = 3)
|
|||
|
class(X)
|
|||
|
(Y <- as.data.frame(X))
|
|||
|
names(Y)
|
|||
|
names(Y) <- c("colA", "colB", "colC")
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
## 欢迎讨论!{.center}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
`r rmdify::slideend(wechat = FALSE, type = "public", tel = FALSE, thislink = "https://drwater.rcees.ac.cn/course/public/RWEP/@PUB/SD/")`
|